Bacterial conjugation

replicate using DNA polymerases that mirror complements eukaryotic enzymes. Protein FtsZ, the protein that directs cell division, forms a contracting ring around the cell. The factors of the septum build up across the center of the cell, mirror their bacterial similarities. (Hogan, 2011). Basic Classification of Bacteria Kingdom Bacteria is found under the domain of Bacteria. Bacteria, in general, are called prokaryotes. Prokaryotic cells…

medicinal discovery in the history of medicine, considering they have turned bacterial infections which were once the leading cause of death into controllable conditions.[1, 2] These molecules inhibit the reproduction, vital processes occurring or destroy the bacterial cell wall to aid in fighting infectious diseases.[3, 4] Antibiotic therapy is one the foundation stones of modern medicine, without effective procedures to limit bacterial infections many modern medical procedures would be…

The growing problem of antibiotic resistance is becoming clear in India, where 58,000 babies have died from infections that could not be cured with antibiotics (Harris, 2014). Adults are susceptible to these antibiotic resistant illnesses as well, 45 year-old singer Uppalapu Shrinivas died after contracting an infection (Harris, 2014). However, babies are at a greater risk because their immune systems are not as strong as an adults (Harris, 2014). One of the infants that died due to a resistant…

gene transfer. As a result, the resistance acquired by one pathogen can be passed to other pathogens. 2) Describe conjugation in prokaryotes. Conjugation in prokaryotes is the method used to transfer genetic materials from alive donor cells, and is mediated by pili. Pili are proteinaceous tubes outspreading from the surface of a cell. The cells that are the donor during conjugation have an F Plasmid (fertility plasmid), which is a circular, small, extrachromosomal molecule of DNA. Donor with…

The cell membrane of a bacterial cell has infoldings- mesosomes are intensely folded and are associated with DNA and also carry out respiration, photosynthetic membrane posses pigments and spread throughout the cell, nitrogen-fixing membrane is present in the cell membrane for fixing nitrogen. The capsule/glycocalyx is a stiff structure which is made of polysaccharides and…

The ways in which bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics and how this contributes to the global healthcare concern of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Antimicrobial resistance is a prevailing issue since the discovery of the first antibiotic Penicillin in 1928. There are 5 mechanisms which allow resistance to impede new antibiotic development for the last 29 years (WHO, 2016) consisting of mutations in target genes, enzymatic resistance, latency, antibiotic efflux and non-specific mutations…

significant year of Medical science when genetically transferred antibiotic resistance was identified in Japan and a theory has established on the basis of scientific data is that during Bacterial conjugation resistance genes or r genes are propagated from one strain to an entire population. Therefore Bacterial Genome evolution has started taking place as one of the major fields in Microbiology, that deals with the importance of horizontal gene transfer(HGT) and its several other aspects in…

strongest and more suitable bacteria survive, leaving the weaker bacteria to die, “Survival of the fittest .” (Herbert Spencer) The overuse of antibiotics is also to blame as it leads to the same result. Bacteria reproduce by the process of conjugation. Conjugation is when “bacteria transfer genetic material, including genes encoding resistance to antibiotics from one bacterium to another.” (www.health.ny.gov) Thus, the newly formed bacteria has become resistance to the antibiotic without being…

The Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria Bacterial infections are a leading cause of death all over the world, especially in children and the elderly, whose immune systems are not at their peak. The discovery of antibiotics in the 1940s provided doctors with a powerful weapon against harmful bacteria, often times by inhibiting their protein synthesis or cell wall formation. Within a few years of their use against certain bacteria, however, some antibiotics’ effectiveness began to…

AIM: To create competent E.coli cells by using the chemical method (calcium chloride treatment) To transform the competent bacterial cells using plasmid DNA and evaluate the transformation efficiency. PRINCIPLE: Competent cells are pre-prepared bacterial cells that possess altered cell walls through which foreign DNA can enter the cell easily. Most cells cannot take up DNA efficiently unless they have been treated with chemicals or exposed to electrical treatments in order to make them…