Aversives

to determine the effects this treatment may have. In IFN-α therapy the treatment is detrimental to the individuals’ psychological health (Baranyi et al., 2013). Working memory and complex attention was also influenced by the IFN-α therapy, causing aversive…

4.1 Introduction: Stress is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening forms of mental illness affecting more than one fifth of the world’s population. It is always related to alterations of signaling pathways mainly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (Mikhai et al, 2014). Rat models are an obligatory tool to study the etiology and progression of behavioural and biochemical changes induced by oxidative stress. Restraint stress produces an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants…

The Effects of Inclusion after Ostracism on Individuals’ Levels of Belonging, Control, Self-Esteem, and Meaningful Existence Ostracism, which is the act of being excluded and rejected in social settings, is a powerful aversive experience. There is a growing body of literature in this area that shows ostracism to produce a number of negative short- and long-term negative consequences toward an individual’s wellbeing. The temporal need-threat model by Williams (2001) specifically explained the…

One refers to norms as widely shared attitudes or expectations about how people in general, or members of particular social group, behave. The term also refers to the most common behavior exhibited in a social group, that is, the statistical average or most typical behavior of group members (Jung 2005). One important factor in the decision-making process among college students', who choose to drink, is the perception of the social norms. Commonly, people's perceptions of social norms are…

In every part of the world, in every era of history, there have been revolutionary leaders that work to bring about change in their society or government. These revolutionary leaders follow a variety of tactics, including protests. Two differing approaches include non violent and radical protests. But which approach is more successful and why? Or in other words, to what extent are peaceful protests more or less effective than violent protests towards governmental and cultural change? To be…

Brittany Desatnick is a graduate student at Fordham University and she has been immensely distracted due to her addiction to a dating app called Tinder. Tinder is a dating app that finds potential matches near you. This target behavior can be defined as opening up the app, swiping right (if interested) or left (if uninterested), mutual right swipes will indicate Brittany has a match and then she can engage in a conversation. This behavior is a behavioral excess because the behavior occurs too…

Alcohol use is often glamorized in society and viewed as an acceptable form of socialization and fun. Thousands of youths, college students, and adults partake in this behavior in order to either fit in with their peers or find an escape for their problems. Although many individuals are able to keep their drinking within an acceptable limit, others often exceed the boundaries and enter dangerous territory. The movie entitled “28 days” exceeds an audience’s expectations in regards to correctly…

free. In fact, some victims may be subjected to so much abuse, that they develop a psychological problem that can inhibit them for leaving even when the opportunity arises. Learned Helplessness happens when “an animal is repeatedly subjected to an aversive stimulus that it cannot escape. Eventually, the animal will stop trying to avoid the stimulus and behave as if it is utterly helpless to change the situation. Even when opportunities to escape are presented, this learned helplessness will…

Children are often considered the future of our country. While this might be true, what kind of future will the country have if children under the age of eighteen accounted for sixteen percent of the incarcerated population in the US. Meanwhile, nationwide reports of juvenile crime are reliably high, with juveniles representing 38% of the incarcerated population. Juvenile delinquency generally falls into two categories: status offenses and criminal offenses. Status offenses are acts that if…

Is there an effect of natural scenes and built scenes on mood? Abstract The kind of environment one is surrounded with is shown to effect a person’s mood and wellbeing. Our physical surroundings not only affect our mood but have a major impact on our coping abilities and psychological health. The effect of natural and built environment on mood was investigated using the PANAS questionnaire. 165 undergraduate psychology students from University of Westminster took part in the study. Participants…