Aversives

Although environmental and genetic factors are prevalent, a strong belief in transmission of an anxiety disorder is within the family. According to Fisak and Grills Taquechel (2007), a child’s parents can contribute to the likelihood of developing anxiety through modeling of learning experiences, transferring of information, and reinforcement schedules. A top-down or bottom-up approach can be used to predict the source of the phobia or fear. Visual signs of fear, such as facial expressions, in…

Children’s vulnerability to food marketing illustrates an important health concern. Compared to adults, children usually lack the cognitive capacity to recognise marketing strategies and analyse information (Mazenier, 2014). These advertisements typically attract children to certain brands through appealing to sense of humour, use of popular cartoons, and the use of catchy tunes (Mazenier, 2014). There is presently no governmental regulations or adequate legislations established to reduce the…

Depression is a brain disorder which generate major disability. Its etiology and molecular mechanism is not fully understood. It is a leading cause of disability globally, with lifetime prevalence as high as 20% (Kessler et al., 2005). Depression is multifactorial disorders that differ in symptomology and most possibly in etiology. There are various symptoms of depression include depressed mood, mood swing, loss of pleasure activities (anhedonia), inability to concentrate, lack of energy,…

Diversity, in its broadest definition, and as afforded by Barak (2008), refers to the specific categorization of certain human differences. According to Shore, Chung-Herrera, Dean, Ehrhart, Jung, Randel, & Singh (2009), these differences are what make up the dimensions of diversity such as race, age, gender, disability, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. There is no question as to the fact that there is an influx of diverse populations into the worlds labor market (Groschl, 2012). While the…

Introduction McCracken (1989) said that a celebrity endorser is as “ any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement” (McCracken, 1989, p. 310). Bergkvist and Zhou made a change to this definition in 2016 and said that “a celebrity endorsement is an agreement between an individual who enjoys public recognition (a celebrity) and an entity (e.g., a brand) to use the celebrity for the purpose of…

Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder characterized by the DSM-5 of depressed mood and markedly diminished interest or pleasure in nearly all activities occurring nearly every day, for most of the day, as indicated by a subjective self-report or an observational report from others. Also seen in individuals who have depression is significant weight loss, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation, fatigue and loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, diminished…

Other clinical characteristics of distress in trauma and stressor-related disorders include externalising aggressive symptoms, anhedonic and dysphoric symptoms, and/or dissociative symptoms which are associated with the exposure to catastrophic or aversive events (APA,…

“When you have expectations you are setting yourself up for disappointment. ” Ryan Reynolds. The amount of expectations in today 's society has caused many problems. This paper will show that people should go into situations with little to none expectations high or low. Parents around the world have expectations and dreams for their children. Some want their children to be sports stars, others want their children to be brain surgeons. No matter the child, their life is full of expectations.…

Throughout the years, Behaviorism has been helping a large amount of people behave as the society standards expect them too, sometimes without them even knowing. Whether it 's a positive reinforcement of "gold stars" in preschool, or the negative reinforcement of speeding tickets, we are all a part of a behavior modification plan based off behaviorism at some point in our lives. Behaviorism can be used in many situations, including breaking bad habits. Everyone has a certain bad habit they are…

One of the most common biblical stories that children are taught earlier in their tender age is that of David and Goliath. The book “David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits and the Art of Battling Giants” by Malcolm Gladwell focuses primarily on explaining the relationship between the two biblical characters. In the ancient times, before Christ, two tribes, the philistines and the Israelites, lived in the Mediterranean plains. The philistines’ original place of residence was the Crete. On the…