Aldehyde

inorganic ions (such as Ce4+). The Chromic Acid test results positive for primary or secondary alcohols or aldehydes. Primary alcohols will be oxidized to aldehydes and aldehydes are oxidized to carboxylic acids. Secondary alcohols will be oxidized to ketones. However, tertiary alcohols will not be oxidized. The oxidization is done through the addition of the alcohol oxygen to chromium, and the removal of a proton from the carbon by a base (in this case water), which will break the O-Cr bond and form a new π bond. The DNPH test confirms the presence or absence of an aldehyde or ketone. It is a condensation reaction, where two molecules are joined together and water is removed. It reacts with the carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones. The Ion Chloride test results positive in the presence of phenols. In this reaction, the phenols complexes with the iron ion, Fe3+, as demonstrated below: The Iodoform test identifies if the compound is an acetaldehyde or a methyl ketone. A visible precipitate of this compound will form only when either an acetaldehyde or a methyl ketone is present. The methyl group of the ketone or aldehyde is removed from the molecule and iodoform (CHI3) which is insoluble in water, is produced. The Potassium Permanganate test identifies the presence or absence of an aldehyde, alkene, or phenol. Dihydroxyl phenols are oxidized to quinones. Aldehydes will be oxidized to carboxylic acids, and alkenes are glycols, with the addition of oxygen. As…

compound can be classified into two types of [π2s+ π4s] cycloadditions, the normal and inverse electron demand cycloadditions (Fig. 2) based on the relative frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) energies of diene and dienophiles.8 Fig. 2 Principle for the normal and inverse electron demand HDA reaction of carbonyl compound as dienophile and diene respectively. For the normal electron demand hetero-Diels-Alder reaction, the carbonyl functionality reacts with conjugated diene as…

The purpose of this lab was to prepare tetraphenylcyclopentadienone most commonly known as tetracyclone. This involved a 3-step synthesis over the course of 3 weeks. The first step was the preparation of benzoin, which was completed through self-condensation of benzaldehyde with thiamine used as the base catalyst of the reaction. The next step was the preparation of benzil from the oxidation reaction of benzoin with nitric acid. In the oxidation reaction, the alcohol functional group of benzoin…

REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES ABSTRACT The difference between aldehydes and ketones is by having a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group. This makes the aldehydes very easy to oxidize. Ketones do not have that hydrogen atom and are resistant to oxidation. They are only oxidized by powerful oxidizing agents which have the ability to break the carbon-carbon bonds. This report is about the reactions of aldehydes and ketones. This was done to determine how they react when different…

Diels-Alder (DA) reaction is a very well-known reaction in Organic Chemistry. A Diels- Alder reaction is considered to be a [4+2] concerted cycloaddition, where you have a diene and a dienophile that come together to form a type of cyclohexane. The four pi bonds of the diene and the two pi bonds of the dienophile come together to form new sigma bonds which are more stable than the original pi bonds. The reaction is concerted which means it happens in one step, making this a fast reaction.…

The Diels Alder reaction is the addition of a diene, which is a hydrocarbon chain containing conjugated double bonds, and a dienophile. This reaction is important in synthesizing cyclohexene rings. The purpose of this experiment is to undergo the Diels Alder reaction using the diene, anthracene, and the dienophile, maleic anhydride, to produce a molecule called 9, 10-dihydroanthracene-9, 10-a b-succinic anhydride. To determine if the exact Diels Alder adduct was formed, melting point was used. …

4-bromo-2-chloroaniline was successfully synthesized from aniline, as shown through the visualization of the NMR spectra, and the reaction type and order for its synthesis was shown to had mattered. The first step was prepared beforehand, but it would be important to note that this step involved the acetylation of the amine, which blocked the nucleophilic amine group (a strong activation group) from an undesired reaction for the desired formation of acetanilide product, a less reactive compound,…

The purpose this experiment was to identify our unknown compound, either and aldehyde or ketone, based on a series of tests. This experiment was completed over two weeks in order to dry the crystals and determine the melting point. The unknown that we were assigned was 501 G. A series of tests were performed on this unknown compound in order to figure out the identity. A summary of the results of the tests is shown below. Distillation: Boiling Point: 179.0°C-194.0°C Qualitative Tests: 1.…

Carbonyl compounds are the compounds the contain C=O group which is called carbonyl group (double bond oxygen to a carbon). There are many types of carbonyl compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides etc. Aldehydes and ketones are the oxidation products of alcohols. Depending on the alcohol’s structure, the product obtained will be different. Primary alcohols have one carbon and two hydrogen atoms attached will produce aldehyde and then to carboxylic acid in two…

could be the formation of H-bond between NH and 2 or β -alkoxy oxygen (Figure 3.2) may prevent further reaction with second molecules of aldehyde since excess aldehyde have no influence on the course of the reaction. Crystal structure of compound 3.3.4j (entry 10, Table 3.3) clearly indicated the presence of strong hydrogen bond between benzimidazole NH and side chain oxygen atom. Herein disfavouring to bis-imine formation leading to 1, 2-disubstituted benzimidazole due to steric congestion…