User Datagram Protocol

1) Eavesdropping: It can be defined as secretly listening to the private conversation of others without their consent. Here an attacker can choose to passively eavesdrop on the network communication and steal the data. Through passive eavesdropping attackers apparently eliminate their presence in the network and make such attacks difficult to detect. The goal of such an attack is to violate the confidentiality of the communications by intercepting the network and sniffing or listening to…

This protocol is classified into rounds; every round composed of two phases; Set-up Phase (1) Advertisement Phase (2) Cluster Set-up Phase Steady Phase (1) Schedule Creation (2) Data Transmission A. Setup Phase: Every node selects independent of other nodes if it will become a CH or not. This selection takes into consideration when the node behaved as a CH for the last time. In the advertisement phase, the CHs inform their neighboring node with an advertisement packet that they become CHs.…

In this section the fast-recovery algorithm that makes TCP NewReno[1] perform better than the Reno[3], is described. During congestion avoidance if the sender receives triple duplicate ACKs, then it performs fast-retransmission and enters into fast-recovery. In fast-retransmit the sender retransmits the lost segment,sets the threshold value for slow-start as ssthresh = cwnd/2, and sets congestion window, cwnd = ssthresh+3 segments. In fast-recovery, the sender increases its congestion window by…

display a website. This will include things such as images, files, scripts and pages that make up the website. Once there is an access to the site the browser will get the data from the web server. The web server will then use HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol) and send the data to your browser. The browser then converts the html and displays the website. Mail server: A mail server is a computer that stores electronic mail also known as emails. When someone wants to open an email the computer…

Many laws have been placed by governments around the world such as the Kyoto protocol and Cap-and-Trade. These acts have been placed so scientists can measure just how much each country is affecting the world and how imminent the threat is to life on Earth. People all over the world have now realized the problems facing the world…

variety of network cable types. Whereas in some other cases, a very basic network may only utilise one kind of network cable. The cable needed varies according to the client’s needs for example the size of the network (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), the network protocols and even the network topology. Different cables have different characteristics and it is important to learn about the different cables available on a network to develop a successful network. In this report I will be discussing and…

international community initiative includes drafting measures to achieve the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto Protocol) in order to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and to prevent dangerous interference with the climate. The article written by Scott Barrett and Robert Stavins analysis the effectiveness of such international protocol while proposing…

Ethernet II Frame Part 2: Use Wireshark to Capture and Analyze Ethernet Frames Part 1: Examine the Header Fields in an Ethernet II Frame What is significant about the contents of the destination address field? It starts with the broadcast ARP protocol from the router asking who has 192.168.2.22. Then it starts showing the source ip address then destination addresses then rebroadcasting from your router. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____…

This article by the New York Times describes what Trump’s promises mean in accordance with the Paris Agreement. Although the agreement does not rely solely on the United States, we are hold a large role in influence for other nations to cut back and have been on track for improvement over the last few years. If America does retract its agreement, other countries have threatened to tax or altogether deny imports and exports from the U.S. The combat against climate change began with the Obama…

The United states should not have pulled out of the Paris Climate Accord because the view on america is bad enough, the earth is ill and creating jobs strengthens that illness, and the long term goal set by the Accord is much more important than some think. To begin, receding from the Paris Climate Accord shows a great sign of weakness and inability to commit, resulting in an even more rapid decrease in positive views from other nations on the United States, as even the U.S. could not agree to…