User Datagram Protocol

What is a VPN? It stands for virtual private network. Its main purpose is to secure the connections between the host and the server. It fulfills that purpose by using tunneling protocols, encryption, data encapsulation and certified connections to protect the identity of the host. The simplest way to think about it is to compare it to a LAN connection but without wiring. The History of VPN: Early VPNs were often set up to give individual employees secure remote access to their company…

A Performance Assessment of the Kyoto Protocol Introduction The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997 by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), was designed to address the global emissions of greenhouse gasses. Effective in 2005, it provided legally binding targets for countries which varied depending on the level of development of the country as well as contained certain measures for collaboration between countries for trading credits. Evidently, to successfully reduce…

Global warming has been taking effect on the Earth’s environment since the 1950’s creating dramatic changes and dangerous new records. In the last three decades the Earth’s average surface temperature has each been successively warmer than any previous decade since 1850 as a result of increase greenhouse emissions (IPCC 2014). This temperature rise is impacting some of the most vulnerable ecosystems on the planet such as the polar regions, coral reefs and tropical rainforests. Climate change can…

Climate change has been a long-term global issue that requires collective global action in the form of flexible yet stable policy implementation by the global actors. As a global actor, Australia’s approach and commitments to action on climate change, has been considered as inconsistent and lacking in direction (Talberg, Hui & Loynes, 2013). Nevertheless Australia’s climate reputation has not always been a negative one, in the early 1990’s Australia’s reputation was even seen as…

It means that the packet originated from somewhere else and that is why it didn’t take the expected best path. The only disadvantage to this system is that it is not feasible on path vector based routing system. A path vector protocol is a computer network routing protocol which maintains the path information that gets updated dynamically. Updates which have looped through the network and returned to the same node are easily detected and discarded [3]. Now current Internet uses BGP which is in…

In new technology environment, switch device has replaced hub because it is a smarter device. Technically, in networking system, a hub will distribute data sent to all users MAC address (a physical address with a unique identifier) whereas a Switch will filter the data and addresses it to the correct recipient. With a computer, a modem, a router and internet service we can create a home network that also allows access…

"It is urgent and the timeframe is critical and it has to be right now," said Vicki Arroyo, executive director of the Georgetown Climate Center at Georgetown Law. "We can 't lose another four years, much less eight years" (Neuhauser). The next Americans President, experts say, may be the very last who can avert catastrophe from climate change which makes it very important for the next American President to give climate change the top most priority. This requires the Presidential candidates to…

Who should bear the burdens? : Three Principles Let us begin with the Polluter Pay Principle (PPP). According to the PPP, those who contributed to climate change should compensate the harm. The application of this principle has the advantage that the cost of the damage is reflected in the cost of the goods, playing the market its role. Along with this, prevention of harm would be mainly carried out by mitigation than adaptation which results lot cheaper (Vanderheiden, 2011). Although this…

distance between the computers or departments. It is in Bus topology as since the computers connect to the network by connecting to the network cable. This as opposed to a star network topology setup. Next to each network component is an Internet Protocol (IP) address. Each IP consists of four number whose value can range from 0 to 255. This four numbers are separated by period marks (WhatIsMyIPAddress.com, 2000-2016). No number can be repeated on the same LAN sharing the same subnet mask…

What a coincidence that after the American Industrial Revolution in the 1760 's-1840 's, 40 years later the Earth began to warm up. The Earth begins to warm up due to the amount of carbon dioxide that is released to the atmosphere. During this time period to this day, humans have destroyed the environment and have replaced them with industries, houses , and etc increasing the amount of carbon dioxide rapidly. This new change has erupted various catastrophic consequences such as climate change,…