Urine

urine which is waste product of the kidney, can be used to detect different diseases or abnormality by doing urine analysis. urine is composed of water, certain electrolytes, and various waste products that are filtered out of the blood system. due to the kidneys filtration system big molecules, blood, and different ions are not supposed to leave the body, so their presence during analysis can indicate abnormality. The urinary system is responsible for maintain the fluid hemostat of the body, it is consisting of many organs: some are kidney, ureter urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidney is the organ that is responsible of making urine by filtration. Kidneys are pair of organs located on either side of the spine at the bottom of the ribcage.…

level of urine output depending on different conditions that the test subject were put under. The test conditions were subject one acted as control, subject two drank 5millilitres (ml)/kg-1 water, subject three drank 20 ml/kg-1 water, subject four drank 20ml/kg-1 water but exercised vigorously for twenty minutes on the bicycle and subject five drank 20ml/kg-1 of coffee. This was performed by consuming standardised volume of fluids which were relative to body size then it was determined how…

Maple syrup urine disease is a rare disorder in which the body fails to properly process certain amino acids, such as leucine, isoleucine and valine. which are present in foods such as milk, eggs, meat. Therefore, results in a buildup of these in the blood. It is called maple syrup due to its distinctive sweet odor of affected infant’s urine. MSUD can damage the brain when in physical stress, such as fever, infection, starving. MSUD affects approximately 1 in 180,000 infants worldwide. A higher…

group of rare disorders characterized by metabolic pathway abnormalities. One such disorder is Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) otherwise known as Branched-chain Ketoaciduria, a dangerous condition in which over saturation of amino acids in the blood can lead to toxicity progressing to encephalopathy, neurodegeneration, coma or respiratory failure (Haldeman-Englert, 2015). MSUD results from a malfunction of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKD) (Kniffin, 2013). This…

wake in the middle of the night and stumble through the house to the bathroom. The urinary system starts with the kidneys which filter blood and produces urine. Urine then carried by what is called ureters which are two tubes that carry the urine to the bladder. The urine can be stored in the bladder until it becomes full in which case it then sends signals to the brain telling you it’s time to find a bathroom. Urination is the process of releasing urine from the bladder through the urethra and…

The primary function of the urinary system is to “produce, store, and excrete urine from the body.” (Zimmermann) The kidneys are the organs in the body that filter waste and water from blood. This waste is called urine, which flows from the kidneys to the ureters, and is stored briefly in the bladder. As the bladder expands and becomes full, urine is released through the urethra. 2. A urinary tract infection, also known as a UTI, occurs when “bacteria gets into the urinary tract and…

from the glomerulus. It also gathers minerals and releases them back into the bloodstream. During the filtering in the glomerulus and tubule, the kidneys make urine. The urine will carry the toxins out of the body. The kidneys also make the hormones, erythropoietin, renin, and vitamin D. These hormones help to make red blood cells, regulate blood pressure, and maintain bone health. Bladder-…

responses and reacts when subjects consuming different types of fluids. Respective fluid volumes are based on each subject’s body mass. Based on each subject’s body mass, after converted from pounds to kilograms, every subjects has different volume and fluids for ingestion. For the control subject, she ingested no fluid throughout entire lab which represented the conditions of normal fluid. For the hypotonic subjects, she ingested 854mL of water within 10 minutes which represented the dilution…

of testosterone and inhibiting capacity of oestrogen in stone formation [2]. Compounds that modulate the growth, nucleation and aggregation of crystals are contained in the urine. These compounds protect the kidney against crystal retention within the kidneys and thereby preventing stone formation. It also protects against the formation…

Some of the symptoms are; hematuria, frequent urination, dysuria, spasms of the bladder, nocturia, nausea/vomiting, fever, chills, tenderness of the bladder area, flank pain, oliguria, and foul smelling urine. Symptoms for pyelonephritis are similar but are more severe and may cause long term side effects. Cystitis occurs in the bladder or the urethra, but if the infection spreads, the kidney can suffer damages as well. Women are more likely to develop cystitis than men are but men can get it…