Transmembrane protein

that is responsible for destruction of toxic H2O2 released during certain metabolic processes.The activity of catalase can be determined by measuring the decrease in H2O2 concentration which is the substrate. Introduction: An enzyme is a large protein that acts as a biological catalyst which changes the rate of a reaction. It provides an active site which is an environment where a reaction can take place this is made up of amino acids. The structure and shape of the substrate, the structure…

Laccase: Dynamic site structure and reactant cycle. (a) Model of the catalytic cluster of the laccase from Trametes versicolor made of four copper molecules. Type I (T1) copper presents the trademark blue colouring to the protein and is the site where substrate oxidation occurs. Type 2 (T2) and Type 3 (T3) copper form a trinuclear center, where the reduction of molecular oxygen and release of water takes place. (b) Schematic portrayal of a laccase reaction cycle producing…

dominates the protein in the majority of `premium ` feeds. Because protein as coined by the Greeks means ‘of the first importance” is the foundation of the feed. It is from protein that all tissue is developed and maintained. If the diet’s protein component is not sound, (and in the case of the carnivore it should be the very soundest possible) then the diet will be unsound and result in breakdowns among the animals that consume it. Since gluten is one of the two major sources of protein used by…

looping to occur, the chromatin fiber must be extremely flexible and able to adapt to different configurations based on environmental and cellular cues. The fiber flexibility is mediated by histone modifications[3]. The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a protein that is involved in both long-range looping interactions and histone modifications. The initial discovery of CTCF…

The Four Spheres of Earth Before we can learn of the compositional layers and mechanical layers of the interiors of earth, we need to know some basic concept of the four spheres. As we may know the four spheres responsible for life on earth: lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere; and their interaction with each other is called Geosphere (Fig. 1.). Another sphere that isn’t included among the rest for its different property is Pedosphere. Pedosphere is basically the interaction…

Introduction: Centrifugation is a process used to separate or concentrate materials suspended in a liquid medium. It is a method used to separate molecules under the centrifugation field based on their sedimentation rate with the help of centrifugal force. It is also used to measure the physical properties of a molecule like molecular weight, density, shape, etc. If it is used for the separation of one type of materials from others is termed as preparative centrifugation and when used for…

2.1.2. Alkaline hydrolysis Alkaline hydrolysis is a simple process in which the protein is solubilized by heating followed by the addition of calcium, sodium or potassium hydroxide as alkaline agents and maintaining the temperature at a range between 25-55 °C (Pasupuleti & Braun, 2010). During alkaline hydrolysis of proteins, some amino acids like serine and threonine are damaged during alkaline hydrolysis, however, tryptophan remains intact. Also, this process causes racemization of amino acids…

DNA cannot function without hundreds of pre-existing proteins, but proteins are produced only at the direction of DNA.To produce a protein, the building blocks are amino acids. For DNA and RNA these building blocks are nucleotides, which are composed of purines, pyrimidines, sugars, and phosphoric acid. If amino acids are dissolved in water they do not spontaneously join together to make a protein. That would require an input of energy. If proteins are dissolved in water the chemical bonds…

(acetylcholine), hormonal (gastrin), and paracrine (histamine; somatostatin) mechanisms. The prime inhibitor of acid secretion is somatostatin. Its inhibitory paracrine effect is mediated predominantly by receptors coupled via guanine nucleotide binding proteins to inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. All the pathways converge on and modulate the activity of the luminal enzyme, H+, K+-ATPase, the proton pump of the parietal cell. Parietal cells are essential to gastric secretion. Precise…

The purpose of this EEI is to create and analyse an experiment that relates to and supports the theory of osmosis in biological cells. Cells are the biological building block for all life; all living organisms have cells also. Cells provide structure, absorb nutrients from food and convert those nutrients into energy so that the cell can carry out specialized functions. There are two main categories with most organisms and their cells; prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The distinctive difference…