Polymerase chain reaction

genetics and specifically forensic analysis [1]. The goal of this experiment is to observe the tandem repeats of the VNTR (D1S80) locus through molecular lab techniques. Cheek cells were isolated from an individual and amplified via a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then, the amplified sample was separated through gel electrophoresis. This project entails the interpretation of fluorescing bands from gel electrophoresis in order to determine the number of tandem repeats present on an…

one generation to the next and each allele frequency. This theory notifies us by how Mendelian inheritance was the lead for all genetic variation and it can be used to follow Mendelian’s rules of segregation and the combination of alleles. Polymerase chain reaction was one of the essentials that is used in the Hardy Weinberg theory of genetic equilibrium which was used in determining the presence of ALU element using TBA 25. The importance of using PCR is to make more copies of small pieces of…

DNA Advisory Board (DAB) Standards mentioned that govern forensic DNA testing of forensic casework require human-specific DNA quantitation. This requirement ensures that appropriate levels of human DNA can be included in the subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of short tandem repeats (STRs) evaluated in a DNA…

buffer (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA), 200 M dNTPs (New England Biolabs), 400 nM each primer and 2.5 unit Taq polymerase (New England Biolabs) 20L PCR mix were prepared. For initial denaturation one cycle 94°C was applied. After that 35 cycles of , 94 °C for 45 seconds (DNA denaturation) 54 °C for 45 sec (oligonucleotide primer annealing), and 72 °C for 1 min (Taq polymerase extension) were applied. Lastly, 1 cycle of 72 °C for 10 min was applied for a final…

Forensic Genetics To understand what Forensic Genetics is you first have to know what each term means. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2015) states that Forensics is the application of scientific knowledge and/or methods to legal problems and in solving crimes. Forensics is used in many different ways, from identify people through DNA or fingerprints to examining hair and different substances. It has been around for a long time, with some methods dating back to the 13th century (Kennedy 2013).…

Analysis of soil chemical and biological properties Soil chemical analysis and enzymes like urease, protease and nitrite reductase were carried out in the soil analysis laboratory, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China. Soil pH analysis (soil:water = 1:1) performed by pH meter and Soil organic carbon was determined by dichromate oxidation (Walkley and Black, 1934). Total N in soil was determined by Semimicro-Kjeldahl method (Bremmer and Mulvaney, 1982). Nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N)…

In order to “stack” the DNA together, scientists use what is known as a primer. The primer’s basic function is to gather like strands of DNA together, stacking them, making it easier to see the DNA sequence or amplify the sequence. In the early days of DNA testing, primers had to be designed for individual species and even subspecies within a family of organisms. For example, primers were developed for humans, bears, dogs, cats, pigs, cattle, etc. If you were trying to identify unknown DNA you…

obtain the DNA of both the open reading frames. A standard set of protocol was followed to obtain highly amplified open reading frame of FAD2, but with an increased annealing temperature of 55 ° C as the primer’s boiling point was high of 75 ° C. The reaction were labelled RNAIFAD2.1 and RNAIFAD2.2. The amplified PCR DNA was then run on 1% agarose gel to separate the amplified DNA. The gel was excised after the electrophoresis, and later subjected to gel purification to recollect the RNAIFAD2.1…

In this modern age of information gathering and retrieval, the thought of how and to the extent we can store information has always been an issue of paramount concern. For while libraries, hard drives, and floppy disks served their purpose in bygone times, the amount of information we have today, along with the prodigious rate it is still growing, have made them , while not necessarily obsolete, insufficient for the task. This is why the most promising method of storage in the current time is…

denaturing when the double-stranded DNA is separated into two strands. Second, annealing which enables the DNA primers to attach to the DNA when the temperature is lowered. Lastly, extending which is when a new strand of DNA is created by the Taq polymerase enzyme when the temperature is raised. This process is run in cycles 29 times and takes approximately 4 hours to complete. The PCR test was completed prior to the testing and was then given to each student to perform gel electrophoresis. The…