Polymerase chain reaction

In the ligation reactions, recombinant DNA plasmids contained egfp fragments that were inserted with pET-41a(+) vectors with the restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase. Next, the ligation products were transformed into cultured E. coli which were taken as three samples:…

pyrosequencing template is biotinylated. After denaturation, the biotinylated single-stranded PCR amplicon is isolated and allowed to hybrdizine with a sequencing primer. The hybridized primer and single stranded template are incubated with enzymes DNA polymerase, ATP sulfurylase, luceriferase and apyrase as well as adenosine 5’ phosphosulfate and luciferin. As nucleotides are incorporated, ATP sulfurylase converts PPi to ATP which drive the luciferase mediated conversion of luciferin to…

In 1859, Charles Darwin documented that evolution of life on Earth had taken place and proposed the idea that natural selection was to blame in his book, The Origin of Species (Leicht and McAllister, 2016). Darwin’s findings arose from the different heritable traits, which lead to differences among alleles in a population. Genetic variation is the differences in genetic frequencies in a population and is the basis of evolution. The Hardy Weinberg Principle was developed to test for genetic…

Objective: We started by isolating a DNA plasmid from a bacterial culture for cloning. Then, we reverse transcribed mRNA to amplify it in a polymerase chain reaction. Finally, we amplified a specific gene (actin) through PCR. Protocol: A. Isolation of Plasmid DNA from a Bacterial Culture: We were provided with a tube containing 1 ml of bacterial culture. We centrifuged it for 5 minutes at 10000 g. Then, we removed the supernatant by pouring it off and we used a small chem wipe to remove any…

produced and found in the cells that line the walls of the small intestine. At the brush border, an area where microvilli absorb nutrients from food as it passes by, lactose breaks down lactose into simpler sugars like glucose through a hydrolysis reaction (Biology 225 Lab Manual 2016). However in the years after being breast-fed, which provides an infant with an abundance of lactose, the typical mammalian diet does not consist of a lot of lactose (Alberts, Bray, Hopkins, et al. 294 2014). This…

Forensic Science is the appliance of chemistry to the findings of crime. It includes firearm, forensic psychiatry, questioned document examination, criminal law, identification, photography as well as crime scene processing. They judge things like hair, body fluids, bullets, shoe prints, fingerprints, drugs and plant materials. Their work is not only bound to crimes against somebody, such as homicide, theft, or fraud. Food poisoning, environmental pollution, misuse of unsafe chemicals, and…

The random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) method was used to examine the genetic variability of Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabr.) populations at heavy metal polluted and unpolluted locations of different geographical distances. Four primers yielded a total of 69 scorable bands, which are all polymorphic. Cluster and Principal component analysis separated the inside and outside Cairo populations into two main branches that were further separated into smaller ones,…

Oral Microbiome 10: Reflection 3 One a daily basis the human mouth can come in contact with many different materials and organisms. “The human mouth is home to billions of individual microorganisms, including viruses, protozoa, fungi, archaea, and bacteria” (University of Minnesota Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, 2016, p. 21). In specific, during this lab we are looking at Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacilli. In studies, it has been shown that yogurt has helped…

Written Assignment ________________________________________ This week’s requirement is to select five (5) of the cognate strategies, provide a definition, and an example. The five cognate strategies I have selected are clarity, conciseness, response, credibility and emphasis. I selected the following format; word, Example, and Response. Please note some of the information is redacted or hidden from view in an effort to protect sensitive information. Clarity: Writing in a way that is easily…

Introduction In the United States a suspect in a crime is innocent until they are proven in court of law to be guilty beyond doubt(Cornell web), for now at least. This need to prove guilt in a suspect means the use of DNA to determine if the suspect was at least present at the crime scene is a powerful tool because no one person can change their DNA at will. The use of DNA as way to identify people has it 's origins in the United Kingdom because of a technique created by Dr. Alex Jeffreys used…