Paracetamol

Inflammation is an essential part and highly regulated response to injury that promotes healing and provides protection against infection. Inflammation is frequently painful and hot, which can be easily controlled by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In 2012, 98 million NSAIDs were prescribed in the U.S. (“Treating Osteoarthritis and Pain” www.consumerreports.com) NSAIDs are commonly used to treat pain and reduce fever and inflammation by reducing the amount of prostaglandins the body makes.…

Migraine Headaches Migraine headaches are a severe headache typically categorized by throbbing pain, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound. They can be acute or chronic. They occur when a "trigger" stimulates the release of vasoactive neuropeptides, which causes blood vessels in the brain to contract and then dilate. This also produces vasospasms, which reduces blood flow. Platelets then clump together and release serotonin, which causes blood vessels to constrict even more. This triggers…

Although medicine has significantly advanced, migraines still remain difficult to treat. Typically, migraines are treated using two approaches; acute/abortive and preventative care. Abortive treatment is indicated during a migraine attack and is targeted to stop symptoms by constricting blood vessels and blocking pain pathways in the brain.36 These medications are known as triptans and target the chemical serotonin. Not only are fluctuating serotonin levels linked to causing migraines, but they…

The pathophysiology of a headache to has not been aattributed to a single diease. It is however divided into three components. Mainly, migraine, tension headache, and cluster headache. A migraine headache is believed to arise from activation and sensibilization of trigeminal nociceptors, essential processes are located at the meninges and the meningeal vessels (Gaul, MeBlinger, Holle-Lee, Neeb, 2017). The exact cause of a tension headache is unknown; however, it is believed that pericranial…

1. Anabolic steroids disrupt a delicate balance of hormones in the body. Give three examples of these changes in terms of the physical side effects of steroid abuse. The abuse of anabolic steroids have a direct effect on the hormonal secretion in the body. The consequences of this disruption are both external and internal. Some of the physical side effects are acne, shrunken testicles and gynecomastia. Acne is the result of the enlargement of the sebaceous glands and an increase in the…

As we get older people become responsible, as adults we are responsible for several things. Through time we probably have many responsibilities that we stress over and we might develop major health issues. Two of the most common chronic headaches in the world are tension and migraine headaches. These headaches are mostly common in adults could start at any age but it 's mostly common in the ages of 20’s-40’s. In the US 12% percent of Americans suffer from headaches like tension and migraine…

Introduction: According to Drugs.com, “Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body.” This includes conditions such as headaches, painful menstrual periods, toothaches, back pain, dental pain, migraines, arthritis and any minor injuries. Ibuprofen is also used to treat and reduce fever as well and is typically administered to individuals, both adults and children ages 6 months and older. Ibuprofen has been…

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) represent a set of musculoskeletal disorders associated with the masticatory system and a number of symptoms. Pain is the most common symptom usually concentrated in masticatory muscles and/or temporomandibular joints (TMJs), but exacerbated by mandibular movement and stomatognathic functions. TMD seems to be of multifactorial etiology, including parafunctional habits, bruxism, deleterious body posture, occlusal features, growth abnormalities, trauma, overload…

Headache is diagnosed by history and physical exam (Mayo Clinic, 2013). Patient most likely has migraine headache without aura because patient has unilateral pain, throbbing quality, moderate intensity pain and nausea. According to Dunphy et al. (2015) migraine without aura requires two of the following characteristics; they are unilateral location, pulsating quality, moderate to severe intensity and exacerbation by physical activity. In addition at least one of the following must be present:…

References Blumenfeld A, Schim J, Chippendale T. Botulinum Toxin Type A and Divalproex Sodium for Prophylactic Treatment of Episodic or Chronic Migraine. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2007;48(2):210-220. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00949.x. This journal article summarizes the results of a randomized, double blind, prospective study that focused on comparing the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A and Divalproex Sodium. These two drugs, botulinum toxin type A (botox)…