Necrosis

People are diagnosed every year with diseases that affect the respiratory system. One specific disease that can affect the respiratory system is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; commonly referred to as COPD. Currently over “64 million people have COPD and it is the third leading cause of death worldwide” (WHO, 2013). Several factors cause the disease and symptoms are hard to detect in earlier stages. COPD can shorten a person’s life span and cause immeasurable physical disabilities, as…

fractures remain a persistent, and at times a heated point of debate. The scaphoid is the most frequently fractured carpal bone. A missed scaphoid fracture can have dire consequences for the patient. There can be loss of function, and avascular necrosis leading to a…

Unique microorganisms reside on and within tissues and body fluids of mammals, and are known as the commensal microbiota. It is estimated that the human body contains 3x1013 eukaryotic cells and 4x1013 bacteria (1). By early adulthood host cells are outnumbered by microbial species by 100 fold (2). These microbes are far from neutral bystanders, and are suspected to influence the developing immune system in responses from cytokine balance, to lymphocyte responses, to antibody induction (3). In…

Introduction The use of animal models in research is most often justified based on the idea that humans and animals are related to a certain degree and hence data obtained from animal experimentation can be extrapolated and applied to humans. Evidently, this does not apply to all species even those who share anatomical similarities or are closely related from an evolutionary standpoint as physiological responses may vary. However, animal models are required simply because experimentation on…

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 TUBERCULOSIS Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is a major global health problem and it ranks alongside Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) as a leading cause of death worldwide. According to the estimates of WHO global tuberculosis report of 2015, there were 9.6 million people who developed TB and 1.5 million who died from the disease in 2014. 1.2 TRANSMISSION AND PATHOGENESIS OF TB TB infection occurs when…

bath and sleep outside thus leading to a very strained relationship between the two. Additionally, Dr. Houses ' relationship with his mother was tainted by her cheating on his father. In his mid-30’s, Dr. House suffered an infarction in his leg (necrosis of the muscle in his leg caused by obstruction of circulation). In order to treat him, doctors removed the dead muscle in his leg. Although this saved Dr. House 's life and prevented the need for the leg to be amputated, it left him with severe…

patients if the carbuncle gives rise to systemic disease. 12. What is osteomyelitis and what are its symptoms? Osteomyelitis occurs when bacteria invade the bones. An abscess forms in the bone and results initially in a tender lump. It can lead to necrosis or breakage of the bone; symptoms include fever, chills, pain and muscle spasms. These are most often seen in growing children, adolescents and IV drug users. Secondary osteomyelitis can develop after a compound fracture or surgery in…

Liver failure, caused by things such as hepatitis and cirrhosis, leads to an array of symptoms including cardiorespiratory insufficiency (hepatopulmonary syndrome; HPS) and renal failure (hepatorenal syndrome; HRS). Disregarding the cause of liver failure itself, discuss the development of both of these symptoms. Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Figure 1: Blood Flow in Normal Conditions and Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (Grace & Angus, 2013). Figure 1 (above) shows the blood flow in a normal patient (top),…

Abstract Sickle cell disease is an illness in the blood that normally affects people of African American descent, as well as people of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern origin. There are numerous types of sickle cell disease. The three most common are HbSS, HbSC and HbS Beta Thalassemia. There are also rare types such as: HbSD, HbSE, and HbSO. Sickle cell disease is an inherited disease. It is caused by receiving two abnormal genes from both parents, who either have the disease themselves or are…

Trauma encompasses a wide variety of insults to the body ranging from motor vehicle accidents, interpersonal violence, falls from great heights, contact sports, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and industrial accidents. Trauma accounts for 10% of deaths among men and women, and is the leading cause of death for those younger than the age of 40 years. Thoracic trauma comprises 10%-15% of all traumas.1 It directly accounts for approximately 25% of trauma-related mortality and is a contributing…