Necrosis

Antecedents of frailty According to Walker & Avant (2005), antecedents of a concept are events which have to take place before a concept occurs. From the literature reviewed, the antecedents of frail older adults include cellular and molecular changes, individualization and cumulative factors, system dysregulations and system impairments as described below: Cellular and Molecular Changes: at this level accumulating cellular and molecular destruction becomes decisive, because the processes of…

Sickle Cell Anemia Dakoda Howard Indiana State University Pathophysiology 11/10/2016 Abstract The aim of this paper is to help individuals who do not understand or want to better their knowledge in Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA). SCA is commonly referred to as Sickle Cell Disease or SDA. The area of target is a general overview of that SCA, along with the various amounts of complications that can arise when someone has the disease. The paper will go over some of the more life threatening…

Introduction Lateral epicondylitis also known as “Tennis Elbow”, is a chronic condition that presents pain in the lateral portion of the the elbow. Frequently seen in sports that require a repetitive motion of forearm flexion and extension, such as tennis, pitching, golf, javelin throwing, and fencing, the muscles that are typically involved, but are not limited to, include the extensor muscles.(1) This muscle group encompasses the extensor carpi radialis brevis and the extensor digitorum…

IV. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy Another major facet of sports-related concussions is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) as it’s considered to be a gradual neurodegeneration due to repeated mTBI (Gavett et al., 2011). Since there are many high-contact sports (such as football, hockey, boxing, etc.) as well as high chances of accidental injury in non-contact sports – repeated head injuries are very common (Gavett et al., 2011). This is another reason sports-related concussions…

The idea of emotions influencing gastric motor function has been around for over a century (Taché et al., 2001). It was not until 1934, that scientists created an index for defecation scores in relation to emotions in rats (Taché et al., 2001). However, it has not been until recently, within the past two decades, that the topic of the gut microbiota communicating with the brain and various organs has emerged to the forefront of science (Tache et al, 2001; Mayer et al., 2014). Studies have shown…

The normality of a spinal cord is to have functional spinal nerves, strong protective connective tissue and vertebras. Certain diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) to Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) will have an impact with the spinal structure and its functions. Part of the central nervous system (CNS), the spinal cord help assist the brain to carry out every day routines. The spinal cord is significant structure in the body that is 45 centimeters in length. The spinal cord is part of a…

Limitations of FDG PET and PET/CT and the role of MRI One drawback of PET based imaging is that some tumor types do not demonstrate significant FDG avidity. Schwab JH et al. reported a case of myxoid liposarcoma metastasis to the lumbar spine and paraspinal soft tissues, which was not detected by FDG PET, but easily seen on MRI [19]. In these cases, where FDG PET offers limited sensitivity, other target specific radiotracers or other imaging modalities, such as MRI should be considered. The…

and eventual CAD.2 Besides insulin resistance’s high association with dyslipidemia, it also promotes endothelial inflammation and thrombosis.2 Emerging risk factors and biomarkers of insulin resistance include C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α…

CRP was identified from patients with acute pneumococcal pneumonia at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (Tillett and Francis, 1930), a name that reflects its reaction with the C-polysaccharide of Pneumococcus. This pentameric protein with MW 118 kDa has five non-covalently bonded and non-glycosylated identical subunits of 206 amino acids each to form a disk-shaped pentagon (Fig. 1). CRP has been proven as an early indicator of infectious or inflammatory conditions as well as a…

People with severe mental health conditions have increased rates of premature deaths and reduced life span compared to the general population. Studies clearly indicated that the life expectancy of New Zealanders with severe mental illness (SMI) and addictions has considerably reduced by up to twenty-five years compared to the general population (Newcomer, 2007). Research clearly highlighted that cardio-metabolic factors have an enormous impact in contributing to a significant increase in…