Lumbar vertebrae

Ageing Worldwide, the proportion of people aged over 60 years is growing faster than any other age group [1, 2]. This can be considered a result of both longer life expectancy (decreased death rate) and declining fertility rates [3]. In 2006, it was estimated that 688 million people were 60 years or older, and, by the year of 2050, this age group is expected to increase to 2 billion, becoming larger than the age group of children under the age of 14 years [1]. In Australia, the number of…

the pectoral girdle include: trapezius (it is superficial covering the back and neck up to the base of the skull inserting on the clavicles and scapular spines), rhomboid/levator scapulae (it is deep to the trapezius attaching to cervical/thoracic vertebrae inserting on the scapular border), serratus anterior (located on the chest originating along the ribs inserting on anterior scapular margin), subclavius (originates on the ribs and inserts on the clavicle), and pectoralis minor (attaches to…

Microbiology Case Study: Toxic Shock Syndrome I. Background AH, a 12-year-old Caucasian female, escorted by her 32-year-old mother to the local hospital’s emergency department early one morning. AH’s mother noted that within the past 3 hours AH has shown a variety of symptoms. These symptoms include: fever of 102ᵒ Fahrenheit, chills, aggressive vomiting, diarrhea, and an intense red rash of the palms and soles of her feet. AH also added that she has a sore throat, headache, muscle aches, and…

Sitting at a desk or performing repetitive tasks for 40 or more hours a week is common in most workplaces. Compared to standing, “sitting decreases lumbar lordosis, and increases low back muscle activity, disc pressure, and pressure on ischium.” (p1) These musculoskeletal changes are all associated with occupational low back pain. It was reported that at some point in their life about 80 percent of adults experienced low back pain.2 Low back pain is the most common job-related disability and is…

make the pain worse. Individuals often find that the pain is worse after bending over, sitting for a long time or sneezing. What Causes This Condition? There are many different causes of this condition. All of them involve causing damaged to the lumbar region of the back. Spinal disks are intended to cushion and support the spine so that it remains flexible. A ruptured or herniated disc can cause this cushioning effect to stop. As humans age, the spinal discs naturally begin to deteriorate.…

A method such as spinal fusion assist the spine from moving any further and embraces the vertebra as the fusion is mending (Disease and Conditions, 1). L5-S1 is an area that has less mobility than any other parts of the lumbar, which is a positive if one should have surgery in this area (Ullrich, 1). This is due to the range being deep into the pelvis region, in addition this area also uses less stress than any other part of the spine (Ullrich, 1). Thus, in the L5-S1 needing…

Limitations of FDG PET and PET/CT and the role of MRI One drawback of PET based imaging is that some tumor types do not demonstrate significant FDG avidity. Schwab JH et al. reported a case of myxoid liposarcoma metastasis to the lumbar spine and paraspinal soft tissues, which was not detected by FDG PET, but easily seen on MRI [19]. In these cases, where FDG PET offers limited sensitivity, other target specific radiotracers or other imaging modalities, such as MRI should be considered. The…

What is meant by “agonist and antagonist muscle pairs”? Give an example What is meant by agonist in muscle pairs is that it does the majority of the workload in an exercise and is considered the prime mover (primarily responsible for movement). The antagonist in respect to the agonist counteracts. The antagonist helps allow the agonist to perform a task. An example could be the biceps brachii contracts when doing elbow flexion. While the antagonist would be the triceps brachii relaxing during…

one-half of the total U.S. adult population is currently affected. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revealed that the morbidity of men and women, 4% and 16% respectively, of 50 years of age and over had osteoporosis of the femur neck or lumbar. Regarding hospital inpatient care, there were 306,000 patients with hip (neck or femur) fractures that were first-listed diagnosis with an average length stay of 5.8 days.3 In addition to affecting…

Part Two: Diagnosis and Treatment 7. What is myelin and how does it affect the transmission of nerve impulses? Identify the cells responsible for the formation of myelin. Covering some axons is a multilayered lipid and protein called myelin sheath, this helps to insulate the axon and speed up nerve impulses. (Tortora pg. 407) An axon that is surrounded by myelin sheath, whether in the central nervous system (CNS) or the peripheral nervous system (PNS), is said to be “myelinated”, while the bare…