Human blood group systems

involves the linking of the two monomers to create a glycosidic bond and a water molecule, is removed. An anomeric carbon is one that is bonded to two oxygen atoms in a ring like structure. The glycosidic bond is a covalent bond between the hydroxyl group (OH) and hydrogen…

solid organ transplant rejection by the recipient's immune system may occur. Transfusion before transplantation was found to reduce solid organ transplant rejection by inducing regulatory T-cells and immunomodulation with down-regulation of the immune system. Similarly, ABO blood group matching, tissue typing, cross matching and using immune suppressants are among the methods used to avoid rejection. Interestingly, clinical observation in humans noted significant correlation between the rate of…

United States, nearly 32,000 adults and more than 2,000 children will develop leukemia, a cancer of the blood cells and bone marrow. The two kinds of blood cells are red blood cells and white blood cells. The red blood cells carry a protein known as hemoglobin and use it to carry oxygen to the lungs then to the tissues. White blood cells carry oxygen to the immune system. Leukemia affects the white blood cells known as lymphocytes (Panno, 36). The standard treatment for leukemia involves…

Adaptive Response/Reaction The immune system is the human bodies defense mechanism against any pathogen; the immune system is split into two basic forms namely the innate and adaptive systems and their roles are essential in the immune system (Huether & McCance, 2012). The innate is the rapid, non-specific primary response anti any foreign body pathogen confront, while the adaptive system is the secondary response with added specific line of defense mechanism and both work collectively to…

advances in molecular biology allow molecular biologist to discover new genetic diseases. Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder in which there is a single amino acid substitution, which alters the structure and function of the hemoglobin. Although one might think that this disease only affects the circulatory system it actually affects many of the body’s systems, disrupting its functional processes. People who have sickle cell anemia have different severity of symptoms. Some may have…

land by individuals or groups is considered sacred and irrevocable (Fryer-Smith, 2008). The Dreaming is the focus of spirituality for Indigenous Australian people. It dictates the social, moral and religious behaviour and laws that Indigenous Australian people follow through stories of ancestors and beings…

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, the system in the body that is responsible for fighting disease, and is known to be the 6th most common cause of cancer death.1 There are many different types of lymphoma and is classified based on multiple factors such as the pathophysiology of the disease, how the disease metastasizes to other organs and its response to treatment. The two main types of lymphoma are NHL and Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. Hodgkin’s…

the disease which was being treated. The key symptom of Ebola is haemorrhagic fever and the typical outcome of Ebola is 90% death. It’s transmitted via personal contact e.g. bodily fluid such as blood and saliva. 4. The company used a small interfering RNAs which hold the virus at bay until the immune system is able to take over. Tests in 4 rhesus monkeys showed that 7 daily injections cured 100% of the virus. 5. The main approach was a gene silencing approach that can save monkeys from high…

Based on our findings, the NSAIDs aspirin and ibuprofen do have an impact on the heart rate of the Lumbriculus variegatus worms as evidenced by Figures 2 and 3 above. We observed that caffeine also had an impact on the heart rate of the worms. We can state that our hypothesis was correct when it came to the ibuprofen solutions because evidence supports the claim that the ibuprofen does increase the heart rate in Lumbriculus variegatus. Furthermore, as the concentration of ibuprofen increased,…

population are affected by Cirrhosis. In essence, 26,000 deaths occur each year, but who/what age range does this disease usually affect? What are the causes and symptoms? Can it be cured? Let’s take a look at the facts and statistics! In the human body system, the liver is known to be the largest internal organ (weighs about three pounds) and it is also involved in many complex metabolic functions especially to our life. The liver performs many jobs in our body. It processes what we eat and…