Hepatitis B virus

The core of the hepatitis B virus is generally in the shape of an icosahedron. Within the virus, there are two strands of DNA, one smaller than the other, which is circular. HBV is around 42 nm in width, and the core is surrounded in a 4nm thick coat. They are enveloped, which means they are more susceptible to being destroyed, because the envelope is very thin. Viruses in general are very small, much smaller than bacteria, and HBV is no different. (Image: commons.wikimedia.org) Reproduction The hepatitis B virus reproduces in the same way as most (if not all) other viruses do. It attaches itself to the host cell and injects its own genetic material into the nucleus of the cell. The host cell is used to make copies…

The Microbe Hepatitis B virus belongs to a group called, Hepadnaviridae which consists of diseases that contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and affect the liver. Hepatitis B is a virus therefore; hepatitis B requires a living host to replicate viral particles. Hepatitis B consists of a nucleic acid core, a protein coat, and a lipid envelope. The hepatitis B virus contains a partially double-stranded DNA within the nucleic acid core because one of the full-length strands is linked to the viral…

Globally individuals develop and obtain disease. Among these diseases is the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and breast cancer; two commonly spread/carried diseases, and potentially life threatening diseases. Chronic hepatitis B infection alone “is a global public health issue with >350 million hepatitis B virus carriers worldwide” (Ling, W H Y et, al,1931). Breast cancer has also been on the rise infecting not only women but men as well. So, it is not uncommon for individuals to have both…

Primarily, maternal transmission to child of hepatitis B accounts for the majority of hepatitis B infections worldwide, screening for incidence during pregnancy allows for management and treatment of the neonate postpartum (WHO Publication, 2010). Screening for hepatitis B is undertaken by serological testing for hepatitis B surface antigen during the first antenatal appointment (AHMAC, 2012; AHMAC, 2014). Perinatal transmission rates are higher in neonates born to hepatitis B envelope antigen…

“Since 1990, new cases of hepatitis B in children and adolescents have dropped more than 95%.” Both the hepatitis A and B vaccine provide long-term protection from the diseases…

minorities” (Ackley & Ladwig, 2014, p. 223). This is useful because “attending to linguistic differences is important not only because it can enhance the respectful treatment of typically vulnerable populations, but because it can help to prevent serious adverse outcomes” (Ackley & Ladwig, 2014, p. 223). For a patient of the Chinese culture who is infected with the hepatitis B virus, the nurse will want to promote healing measures. One very common side effect and nursing diagnosis for a patient…

Throughout history, animal experimentation has proved to be crucial to the development of our society. Since as early as the 17th century, we see how animal testings have led to important discoveries such as the understanding of the blood circulation and the function of the lungs in Medieval Europe . And now, scientists are relying on chimpanzees in hopes to help create the Hepatitis C vaccine . Overall, I believe that the state’s policy on animal experiments, as it is covered in the Criminal…

All clinical staff are encouraged to receive the Hepatitis-B vaccine. In accordance with OSHA requirements and the Practice, the Hepatitis B vaccine is available to all employees within 10 working days of initial assignment where they may have occupational exposure. Disposal of blood/body fluids/infectious materials will be performed only by designated clinical staff. Infection Control: Universal Precautions All employees, regardless of their positions, must adhere to the following universal…

For Mrs. Bay the consequence of transplantation would likely lead to re-infection of the graft organ and eventually graft liver cirrhosis. For Mr. Mann the consequence and outcomes of liver transplantation will likely prolong his life and offer hope for the future. Considering the medical statistics in regards to outcome and long-term recovery, the patient with alcoholism ultimately has a better survival rate than the patient with hepatitis B virus, which is a promotion of allocating rare…

They work closely with Dr. Baruc Blumber, who won the Nobel Prize for discovering the HBV, and their main goal is to improve the lives of those infected by the HBV by advocating for them, “by funding research, promote disease awareness, supporting immunization and treatment initiatives, and serving as the primary source of information for patients and their families, the medical and scientific community, and the general public” (Hepatitis B Foundation, 2015,…