Globally individuals develop and obtain disease. Among these diseases is the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and breast cancer; two commonly spread/carried diseases, and potentially life threatening diseases. Chronic hepatitis B infection alone “is a global public health issue with >350 million hepatitis B virus carriers worldwide” (Ling, W H Y et, al,1931). Breast cancer has also been on the rise infecting not only women but men as well. So, it is not uncommon for individuals to have both simultaneously causing HBV reactivation; “the increase of the HBV virus and chemotherapy will increase HBV reactivation” (Yeo, W et. al,1308) “the British Journal of Cancer” implies. Although hepatitis B tends to go aways after >6 months, those that have breast cancer and…
The core of the hepatitis B virus is generally in the shape of an icosahedron. Within the virus, there are two strands of DNA, one smaller than the other, which is circular. HBV is around 42 nm in width, and the core is surrounded in a 4nm thick coat. They are enveloped, which means they are more susceptible to being destroyed, because the envelope is very thin. Viruses in general are very small, much smaller than bacteria, and HBV is no different. (Image:…
Part I a. Is this a qualitative or quantitative study? Explain your answer in detail. In my opinion, I believe that this case study is a quantitative study. In the study, the writer wanted to evaluate whether stressing the potential benefits of the hepatitis B vaccination was more or less effective than expressing the potential dangers of not getting the hepatitis B vaccination. In quantitative research, the data is structured, refined and generally based on numerical scales centered on…
Yongdong (Derek) Ouyang (12141123) Yongdong Ouyang (12141123) Are double-dose Hepatitis B vaccines protective against Hepatitis B in HIV-infected adults compared to standard-dose? Yongdong (Derek) Ouyang Student Number: 12141123 SPPH 502, Major Written Assignment Word count: Introduction Hepatitis B virus (HBV) attacks the liver and may cause long-term liver diseases. From 1982, the HBV vaccination…
The Microbe Hepatitis B virus belongs to a group called, Hepadnaviridae which consists of diseases that contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and affect the liver. Hepatitis B is a virus therefore; hepatitis B requires a living host to replicate viral particles. Hepatitis B consists of a nucleic acid core, a protein coat, and a lipid envelope. The hepatitis B virus contains a partially double-stranded DNA within the nucleic acid core because one of the full-length strands is linked to the viral…
Hepadnaviridae is a family of DNA viruses that have an envelope of proteins. The human hepatitis B virus (HBV), both its scientific and common names, is derived from the genus orthohepadnavirus. Partially single-stranded and double-stranded, it is the only DNA virus in its family of hepatitis viruses. (Bauman, 2014). Its replication method is similar to a retrovirus, utilizing the enzyme reverse transcriptase to engineer viral DNA from a single-stranded DNA and fusing it with the host cell’s…
However, after Salk vaccine was issued in 1955, cases of polio have dropped tremendously, with the most recent case having been reported in 1993 and occurred out of the United States. Polio has been eliminated from the United States due to the vaccinations (269). • “Hepatitis A is a severe liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV)” and is spread by consuming food or water infected with HAV. The disease is very dangerous, and 10% of those who contract it end up hospitalized. 3 to 6 out…
treatment and advice (AHMAC, 2012; 3Centres Collaboration, 2012c). Primarily, maternal transmission to child of hepatitis B accounts for the majority of hepatitis B infections worldwide, screening for incidence during pregnancy allows for management and treatment of the neonate postpartum (WHO Publication, 2010). Screening for hepatitis B is undertaken by serological testing for hepatitis B surface antigen during the first antenatal appointment (AHMAC, 2012; AHMAC, 2014). Perinatal…
Universal precautions are to be used even if there is no reason to suspect that a patient may be infected. If an employee believes that he/she has come in contact with potentially contaminated blood or other bodily fluids, it must be immediately reported to the Supervisor/Practice Manager or the physician/owner. Only designated clinical staff will treat those patients where there could be any likelihood of exposure to blood or bodily fluids. All clinical staff are encouraged to receive the…
For Mrs. Bay the consequence of transplantation would likely lead to re-infection of the graft organ and eventually graft liver cirrhosis. For Mr. Mann the consequence and outcomes of liver transplantation will likely prolong his life and offer hope for the future. Considering the medical statistics in regards to outcome and long-term recovery, the patient with alcoholism ultimately has a better survival rate than the patient with hepatitis B virus, which is a promotion of allocating rare…