Genome

can be recognized as a single-celled organism that lack the extensive internal compartments. Unlike eukaryotes, the prokaryotes concentrated their genetic materials in a small portion of cell’s cytoplasm known as nucleoid. Almost entire prokaryotic genome is contained in a single circular DNA strand that is supercoiled. Some additional genes are located on an independent small, circular or linear plasmids which coding for extra properties likes antibiotic resistance (Brown, 2002). Typically,…

wall contains multiple layers and an outer membrane. The genome includes two round chromosomes, one 2,650,000 platform sets, and the staying 412,000 platform sets, as well as a megaplasmid of 177,000 platform sets, and a plasmid of 46,000 platform sets. It has about 3195 genetics. In the set stage, each bacterial cell contains four duplicates of this genome; when rapidly growing each harmful bacterium contains 8-10 duplicates of the genome. The bacterium used to be called micrococcus radidurans…

living bacteria. PLoS ONE 9, 1-22. 1. Brown WM, George M, Wilson AC. 1979 Rapid evolution of animal Mitochondrial DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, PNAS 76,1967–1971. 2. Kikuchi T, Afrin T, Yoshida M. 2016 Complete Mitochondrial genomes of four entomopathogenic Nematode species of the genus Steinernema. Parasites Vectors P&V, 9, 1-8. 3. Montelli S, Peruffo A, Patarnello T, Cozzi B, Negrisolo E. 2016 Back to water: Signature of adaptive evolution in Cetacean Mitochondrial…

The genome is the full set of DNA, including all of the genes that the organism originally has. Each genome contains genetic information needed in order to create the individual. Scientists could also end up having to delete or turn off a gene to prevent the expression of the trait or introduce a new copy of a foreign gene. This could involve taking out the gene from another organism’s genome and combine it with the DNA of the other individual, this…

the field of biology, was first defined in the early 1940s as “the branch of biology which studies the causal interactions between genes and their products with bring the phenotype into being” (Dupont 2009). Since then, as understanding of the human genome has developed and grown, a complex array of errors and dysfunctions in the processes of gene regulation, expression, and replication have been shown to cause, or correlate strongly with, multiple diseases and conditions. This includes…

condition or disease to humans. As defective genes are replaced with functional genes, then it is expected that there will be a reduction in genetic diversity and if human beings have identical genomes, the population as a whole will be susceptible to viruses and many forms of disease.” (Prata) Added to this important concern is a realization of humans’ capacity to simply change their minds. In his article, “The Case Against Human Gene Editing,” in 2015 Brendan Foht pointed out the future…

Sequencing the human genome and interpreting the biomarkers have tremendously increased the field of medicine. Personalized medicine merges a patient’s genotype, physiology, and their predicted outcome to create a plan specialized for their condition this can include pharmaceuticals that are specially made for a particular set of nucleotide bases in DNA (Patel et al., 2013). Patients have legal rights to decide whether or not their health information is kept private (Ghosh, 2012). The issue with…

In both stories, there is either an environmental factor or a behavioral factor that alters the expression of the genome. In the case of the rats, pups that are licked, show expression of the “Maternal Care Gene” which is normally inhibited in pups that are not licked (by means of DNA methylation). Licking increases serotonin in the brains of the pups and removes the…

“EXTINCTION IS FOREVER!” [15] will lose its stings and sponsors will stop funding such projects. Brand acknowledges that the influential arguments against de-extinction are “the most technical ones, focused on extreme complexity of resurrecting extinct genomes”. [16] The author doubts the possibility of bringing back extinct animals to life as it has never been done before. However, he later revises that scientists have tried breeding Javan Batang cow with a domestic cow, and a chimeric duck…

The Language of God Francis Collins was a man that accomplished something that was not thought to happen during his lifetime. That was to sequence the entire human genome. He was the director of the Human Genome Project which has been completed. Three years after mapping the entire human genome which consisted of 3.1 billion letters, he went on to write The Language of God. He is a theist which is uncommon for a scientist. The first 6 chapters of The Language of God broke the ice. It gave the…