Genome

One of the most defining features of mammals is the ability to give nutrition to young via a lactation system instead of egg-yolk that is observed in other lineages. Lactation evolved during the Triassic period—specifically the Cynodant lineage—along with other Mammalian characteristics such as fur. Certain milk proteins, and quite many other parts of the lactation system, have been conserved through evolution and time. It is hypothesized that lactation arose amongst mammals that showed maternal…

what we know about DNA today. They helped shape what we know about DNA and changed the world with scientific contributions. James Watson along with his colleagues helped shape the modern science of today with his many studies of DNA, cancer, and genomes. James Watson was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 6th, 1928. When he was young he attended Horace Mann Grammar School for 8 years and then attended South Shore High School for two years. Later he attended the University of Chicago and in 1947…

Clostridium tetani is a bacillus, or rod-shaped bacteria responsible for the often-fatal disease tetanus. The word tetanus originated from the Greek word tetanos, which means to ‘stretch’. It is a Gram-positive bacterium and often appears to be shaped like a tennis racket, drumstick, or club when stained. This unusual appearance is the result of sporulation that occurs within the cell. C. tetani is an obligate anaerobe and relies solely on fermentation. Since it is an obligate anaerobe, this…

In Scotland, 1997, a cell nucleus was transferred into an “empty” cell, and Dolly the sheep, the first mammal clone, was created. Dolly was not the end of cloning. Scientists debated creating a mammoth through a process known as de-extinction. They decided against cloning a dead mammoth not because it was hard, but because they would have nowhere to put the animal (nationalgeographic.com 1). Even humans could be cloned. But what will soon be possible is to enhance ourselves through genetic…

testing due to the fact that the testing is not certified by a physician and they have also had constant back and forth clashes with the FDA who, “ordered the genetic-testing company immediately to stop selling its flagship product, its $99 “Personal Genome Service” kit” (23andMe Is…

mechanisms control gene and how gene expression impacts health and behavior. Bi-directionality how human psychologically develop both by genetic predisposition and by the environment. Epigenesist does not change the genome, but the way cells react to the environment. Epigenome tell genome what to do. Epigenesist is controlled by methyl groups and histones. Methyl groups binds to a gene and tells it to not express it. Methyl groups bind differently to different cells and that is how cells know…

these techniques is the CRISPR or Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats Screens [3], which is originally used as a mechanism of defense by bacteria and archaea against bacteriophage infection. It was first reported as part of the genome of Escherichia coli and, during the next years, other bacteria and archaea were reported to also present the CRISPR cluster. Cas genes were reported to be conserved in these organisms as well. Basically, CRISPR consists of CRISPR-associated…

multigenerational families. The DNA of the affected individuals from two families of American and Venezuelan descent was analyzed using DNA probes. The latter, which were free of repetitive sequences, can detect RFLPs which were present in the regions of the genome. The researchers constructed a human genetic linkage map, thus, they were able to localize the genes that can give a suggestion of linkage to the disease. Their experiment resulted to a G8 marker being linked to the disease gene.…

ability of bacteria that they can form biofilm while they are being infected. The bacteria provide themselves protection to against the drug therapy physically and physiologically. Also, duplication or amplification of genome’ parts that recombines the repeated sequences in genome and can cause resistance to the bacteria. 3. It came from a secondary source. 4. First, the paragraph…

from all around the globe, but they will soon be able to genetically modify their unborn children. “Sci-fi novels and films, like Gattaca, no longer have a monopoly on genetically engineered humans. Real research scripts about editing the human genome are now appearing in scientific…