Fatty acid

3.5 : Uses of lecithin. Use Concentration (%) Aerosol inhalation 0.1 IM injection 0.3–2.3 Oral suspensions 0.25–10.0 8 Description Lecithins vary greatly in their physical form, from viscous semiliquids to powders, depending upon the free fatty acid content. They may also vary in color from brown to light yellow, depending upon whether they are bleached or unbleached or on the degree of purity. When they are exposed to air, rapid oxidation occurs, also resulting in a dark yellow or brown…

as central nervous system stimulant (British Pharmacopoeia 2009). • Methyl paraben was generously donated by Arab Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company. Methyl paraben is methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, prepared by the esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It occurs as colorless crystals or a white crystalline powder. It is odorless or almost odorless and has a slight burning taste (Rowe et al., 2009). Methyl paraben is very slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and…

Saponification is a method used in treating a neutral fat with alkali, breaking it down to glycerol and fatty acids. The saponification value or saponification number is the amount of alkali needed to saponify the given quantity of fat or oil, expressed as mg potassium hydroxide to saponify 1 g of the sample. In this experiment, the researchers used chemicals such as ethanol, hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium hydroxide (KOH) and phenolphthalein indicator. Laboratory Apparatuses and Equipment…

the group tried to dissolve all the beginning substances and finished products in a multitude of solvents. In the testing of the four starting substances for the soaps, the group found that all the substances were insoluble in water and hydrochloric acid. However, vegetable oil was soluble in sodium hydroxide whereas the rest of the substances were not. This proposes that the beginning substances for the soaps are non-polar organic materials, as shown on page 59 of the lab manual1. Then, they…

stability of the soap. Glycerin was added to increase the solubility of the solution and add moisture to one’s skin. Irgasan was added to the solution as an effective and safe antibacterial ingredient against microbial infections. A pinch of citric acid was added to the solution which lowered the initially measured pH of 10 down to 7.9 using the pH meter. It also provided better foam and water-softening in the liquid hand soap. The safe range of pH for soap is between 6 and 9 according to…

is a neutralization reaction. A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react to form an ionic compound (a salt) and water; the resulting pH is closer to 7. The general chemical equation for a neutralization reaction is: Acid + Base Water + Ionic Compound This can also be considered as a double displacement reaction. However, since the reacts are an acid (carbonic acid) and a base (sodium hydroxide) and the products are a salt (sodium carbonate) and water…

go to 7 or 7.8, it can be deadly. The blood buffer contains carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate acid and hydrogen ions. This equation can also be reversed; it is a chemical equilibrium. If the hydrogen ions rise, bicarbonate accepts the hydrogen ions and the equilibrium shifts left thus making the blood acidic. When the blood becomes acidic, acidosis…

Introduction: Many chemical compounds are broken down into two very distinct categories: acidic or basic. Acidic, based on the Bronsted-Lowry Theory, is defined as a proton (H+) donor. An equation exemplifying an acid dissolving in water is: HCl (g) H2O H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) A base, based on the Bronsted-Lowry Theory, is defined as a proton (H+) acceptor. An equation exemplifying a base dissolving in water: NaOH (s) H2O Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Molarity, also known as the concentration…

nanomechanical retention which is due to polymerisation of hydrophilic monomers around acid exposed collagen fibres.1 The entanglement of these monomers within the exposed collagen fibres gives rise to the so called Hybrid layer , which is also referred as Resin infiltrated Dentin layer.2 The presence of hybrid layer is important for attainment of a leakage free interface between the cavity walls and resin composite.2 After acid etching, the demineralized collagen matrix is present in a…

life. Pollution is creating a positive feedback loop in our freshwater aquatic life, including the killings of many of freshwater wildlife. Through the analysis of several different articles and books, this review will look over how eutrophication, acid rain, and heavy metal pollution effects freshwater aquatic life. Eutrophication is a process in which there are extra fertilizers, and other types of materials which runs off into…