Eukaryote

G-protein coupled receptors are found in eukaryotes, and are encoded by around 1-3% of the genes in the genome. In this essay I will discuss the general structure and model of activation of GPCRs, as well as how this model has been realised, through the study of bacteriorhodopsin, a homology model of GPCRs. There are many examples of GPCRs illustrating how GPCRs can have a wide range of cellular consequences and I will discuss how the activation of rhodopsin, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors,…

Microbiota are microscopic organisms such as viruses, bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes that influence human health through a commensal interaction. Location of microbiota can be internal or external such as the gut, mouth, placenta, skin, and vagina. These microbes are classified into four major phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Microorganisms in the Firmicute phylum are typically Gram positive bacteria, either rod-shaped or spherical and function as obligate…

Technology is rapidly advancing in the field of editing genes in human embryos, and ethical debates on whether humanity should carry out this act have ensued. Those who oppose it are against the engineering of the human germline because changes are heritable and effects are unknown, and many also fear it will have negative societal effects. Those in favor of editing the human germline embrace the opportunity to enhance humanity. Baird (2007) says that controversy has been present since the…

ASSIGNMENT # 3: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE 1. Antimicrobial resistance is MAINTAINED in the environment by Selective Pressure. Discuss 3 types of selective pressure and how each could be avoided. One type of selective pressure is the use of antibiotics to treat viral infections. This could be avoided by educating the public that antibiotics do nothing for a viral infection. Doctors should also stop giving into patient’s demand for antibiotics for a viral infection.…

Introduction This experiment was conducted to measure the change in the Planarian’s speed according to different light frequencies. This experiment is relevant to a Planarian’s natural life as Planaria live in many different environments, and under several light variations. Planaria are found in both salt and fresh water, as well as amidst logs, soil, and a variety of plants (Conservation Commission of Missouri, 2015). This immense variety of environments corresponds with a variety of light…

With natural selection its major driving mechanism, evolution is the change over time in the makeup of genetics of a population. Supported by evidence from many scientific methods, Charles Darwin, in On the Origin of Species, asserts that inheritable variations occur in individuals in a population. In the process known as natural selection, due to competition for limited resources, individuals with more favorable characteristics or phenotypes are more likely to survive and better reproduce,…

scientists have been able to create meat without the killing of animals. The ‘victimless-meat’ as it is commonly referred to, is in fact in-vitro, meaning that it has been created in a laboratory. In-Vitro meat is cultured from the stem cells of eukaryotes most commonly derived in the blood drawn from an animal’s bovine foetus. The process of extracting stem cells from the blood of foetal bovine serum means that the resulting cultured animal flesh has not been harmfully taking from a living…

Bacteria, virus, and prions all play a part in our life, good and bad. Bacteria are forms of life that are considered living. That’s the difference between virus and prions, who lack the ability to reproduce once they are isolated. The reason behind that is because viruses and prions need a host to reproduce. Bacteria are single celled microbes. The cell is simpler than other organisms because there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelle. Bacteria’s genetic information is contained in a…

Eukaryotes have much larger genomes than prokaryotes, and therefore, must condense their DNA into chromatin. Chromatin is composed of histone proteins that help to condense and organize the DNA forming chromosomes. The basic unit of this chromatin is a nucleosome, which contains about 150 base pairs of DNA that are wrapped 1.7 times around the core histone proteins. However, this tightly wrapped chromatin becomes a problem when regulatory proteins need access to specific sections of the DNA.…

FTO belongs to a member of Fe(II)- and α-ketoglutarate-dependent AlkB dioxygenase family and was originally recognized as an enzyme involved in the excision of N1- or N3-modified purine or primidine in both DNA and RNA substrates. Jia et al. for the first time demonstrated that human FTO could also demethylate m6A on nuclear RNAs in vitro, and increase and decrease in m6A was manifested in FTO-depleted and overexpressed-HeLa cell, respectively. FTO function has shown to link to the regulation of…