Eukaryote

Use of microbial platform overexpressing such an ideal O-methyltransferase having flexibility in its catalytic activity over different classes of substrates is of great importance in producing variety of methylated natural products. With this concept, we used the aforementioned natural compounds as substrate for biotransformation reaction. Culture of recombinant E. coli strain was prepared and induced as explained in materials and method. In vivo reaction mixtures analysis of different…

As a population, organisms look different. Genetic variations and phenotypic differences are a direct result of the processes of transcription and translation at the molecular level. In the paragraphs that follow I will discuss how the processes at the molecular level influence traits that we see at the species level. A human has 23 chromosomes, each of these chromosomes are a housing unit for DNA. DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is a simple molecule found in all living organisms. DNA…

All bacteria are lacking of a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane bound organelles, classifying them as prokaryotes. In the six-kingdom system used by the United States, all bacteria fall into the taxonomic kingdom of either archaebacteria or eubacteria. Bacteria are all unicellular and microscopic regardless of which kingdom they are grouped in. In general, archaebacteria are thought to resemble the first living bacteria on earth and are normally grouped by the climate in which they…

Domain (IV), the clamp domain, primarily consists of hydrophobic and charged residues. Once MutS has detected a mismatch, ATP hydrolysis stops and a severe distortions in the conformation of DNA at the mismatch site occurs. The clamp has numerous hydrophobic and charged residues, which is consistent with a role in dimerizing with the charged residues of the clamp of MSH6. In addition, it may work to stabilize the highly unfavorable state of DNA when a mismatch is recognized. The positively…

As described in the central dogma of biology, information from a gene can be used to build a protein in a two-step process. Transcription is considered to be the first step of gene expression. It is known to be the process of making a copy of genetic information stored in a DNA strand into a complementary strand of messenger RNA (mRNA). The process of eukaryotic transcription can be separated into three phases, initiation, elongation and termination. This complex process involves various cell…

Bacteria are coming from the Greek word bakteria, meaning little stick, even though the first observed bacteria was in a rod shape, bacteria can come in many forms, spirals, spherical in shape. In 1928 a British scientist named Frederick Griffith discovered that previously harmless bacteria could change their own nature and become capable of causing disease (Black, 2012) What exactly then is a bacteria? Is a microscopic living one cell organism, consisting of a cytoplasm enclosed in a cell…

prokaryotic and higher eukaryotic expression system since it offers the attributes of speedy growth, ease to manipulate genes and low costing media like for microbes along with post translational modification and secretory expression like in higher eukaryotes. An increasing number of yeast strains are available for protein expression that are said to increase the yield of the protein, improves the affinity tagging of the proteins, reduces protein breakdown, allows the addition of non-native…

Livestock production and climate change affect and get influenced by each other. The most important effects of climate change on the environment and livestock include rise in temperature, elevation in sea level, alteration in microbial eco-system and several others effects, known or unknown which might affect the livestock positively or negatively. There have been various predictions about the quantum of sea level rise with varying degree of confidence because many of the natural phenomena have…

than sanitizer. (Concept) Described previously, antibiotics and disinfectants are used to kill and inhibit bacterial growth but how they go about the process and its effectiveness differs depending on the characteristics of its target–prokaryote, eukaryote, gram-positive, gram-negative, and so on. The three antibiotics displayed signs of it affecting the bacteria, but tetracycline also showed that it was the the antibiotic meant for the job. The same goes for the disinfectants; the…

Protein-protein interaction can be defined as the interactions between different protein molecules within the cellular organization leading to formation of large protein complex which is modulated by non-covalent interactions such as hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bond, van der Waals interactions etc. Protein-protein interaction plays an important role in functioning of body’s significant mechanism such as replication, transcription, translation, signal transduction, cell cycle, etc. Thus,…