Eukaryote

Recombination and mutation are the motivation of evolution. Recombination is critical for repairing DNA lesions and for chromosomal pairing, and exchange during meiosis (Krejci et al. 2012). Recombination does not occur uniformly on the chromosomes of eukaryotes. Meiotic recombination in well studied yeast revealed that non-uniformity of recombination was observed when the frame of reference is an entire chromosome, multigene region and a pair of genes or a small region upstream of a gene…

Clostridium perfringens is typically found in soil and if this is eaten or coming in contact with the animal it can cause variety of diseases, especially in domestic animals. These diseases include different enteric syndromes such as bovine and ovine enterotoxemia, fowl necrotic enteritis, and lamb dysentery. Strains of most toxin types like alpha and beta toxin have been involved in necrotic enteritis beta toxin is caused by type-C strains. The pulpy kidney disease is caused by type-D strains…

Figure 5: Semi-quantitative PCR analysis of CHOP splicing variants in plasmids and liver tissues, and CHOP exon arrangements. (A) CHOP1 mRNA contains four exons, whereas CHOP2 mRNA lacks the second exon of CHOP1. The 5 '-leader of CHOP is encoded within the first and second exons, while the coding sequence is encoded within the third and fourth exons of CHOP. (B) As expected, CHOP1 primers amplified CHOP1 transcripts at the size of 214 bp in the CHOP1 plasmid template containing the full…

oxygen. They can grow in areas that would kill most organisms. It has distinct domains that make them extremophiles, meaning that they can grow in more than one condition. Additionally, prokaryotes include cells that have a nucleus, which makes them eukaryotes. It includes animals, plants, protists, and fungi. Archaea also have cell walls that do not contain the peptidoglycan found in bacterial cells. It also lacks the cellulose that is found in plant cells, it also lacks the chitin that is…

The CRISPR-Cas9 system is derived from a bacterial adaptive immune system. The acronym stands for clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats, which are sequences of DNA that read the same forward as backwards. In between these are sequences of DNA known as protospacers indicative of particular bacteriophages encountered by bacteria. These sequences are then used as a template for RNAs capable of recognizing viral DNA within a cell and as a means to bind the endonuclease CRISPR…

Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is an Archaean extremophile. This strictly aerobic prokaryote is found in the searing temperatures of sulfur-rich geothermal hot acid springs, geysers, and deep ocean vents. While primarily an aquatic organism, S. acidocaldarius can also be found in hot acidic soils. Optimal conditions for S. acidocaldarius included a temperature of 80°C and a hydronium ion concentration, pH, of 2; making them acidophiles (acid loving) and thermophiles (heat loving). (Wikipedia #2). As…

the drugs used to treat parasitic helminths often toxic to the host? The drugs used to treat parasitic helminths are often toxic to the host since both have similar cellular functions. Both have similar plasma membranes, and both are classified as eukaryotes. 7. (2 points) Discuss the arguments for and against the classification of viruses as living organisms. For:…

Respiration and Photosynthesis Respiration and photosynthesis are reactions that take place in the environment which complement each other, in the other case can be seen as a same reaction but happening in reverse of each other (Tang, 2005). In photosynthesis the ingredients/ requirement for it to place is water and carbon dioxide as they release oxygen and glucose as the products. Respiration to take place requires glucose and oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water. Since the product of…

DNA profiling is a fast paced technology that allows DNA to be sampled and connected to the identity of one person. One of the main uses for DNA profiling includes finding DNA at crime scenes and having the ability to work out the events that may have occurred (Better Health, 2015). This process includes the collection and sampling of DNA found at the scene of the crime to those who are suspected to have committed a crime. In Australia in 2011, 60% of those held in custody have previously been…

Efflux is a method of facilitated transport carried out by protein complexes that fall into one of six currently identified classes based on their protein structure.44 These complexes are commonly able to recognize more than one substrate, making them a major cause of multidrug resistance, especially in Gram negative organisms.45 As many of these proteins are not expressed constitutively, it may be hard to predict the effect these complexes have on in-vivo treatment; many are tightly regulated…