Equivalent dose

Among numerous diseases that has changed the course of human history smallpox is considered to be an undeniable standout. As noted by Belongia and Naleway (2003), this disease has been “…scourge against humanity for at least the past 1500 years”. Since it has been decimating communities across the globe for more than one and a half of millennium, the virus’ footprint may be called significant. From today’s point of observation, the highlight in the history of smallpox is the period around the…

at least one parotid gland affected by either primary, metastatic or recurrent disease, and were planned to receive either definitive XRT or surgery with postoperative XRT to a prescription dose of 60Gy or greater. Patients were excluded from the study if they were managed by surgery only, or received a dose of less than 60Gy. The study was conducted with ethical clearance from the Metro North Hospital and Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (approval number: HREC/13/QRBW/444),…

Cells were seeded in 24-well plates (5 × 105 cells/well) 24 h prior to treatment. The cells were then treated with A. mearnsii crude extract (L) and fractions (L1-L4) at predetermined doses for 1 h before elicitation with LPS at 1 µg/mL for an additional 4 h. For every experiment, one positive control (cells treated with DEX, at 10 µM) and one negative control (cells treatment with vehicle) were included. Three replicates were made for…

CMA has the advantage of being the simplest of the of all the pharmacoeconomic techniques in that the comparisons performed are considered to be equivalent, which allows one, the ease of only evaluating the cost of the medication or intervention to be looked at. This technique can be highly effective when comparing equivalent treatments, but will be inappropriate when there is no equivalence between two products or if therapeutic equivalence cannot be demonstrated . CMA will be applied…

(Bryant & Knights, 2011) It is absorbed in the liver with first-pass effect making it quick acting but with a poor bioavailability. When taken orally the bioavailability is around 40%, therefore a 30mg dose of morphine is the equivalent of 10mg dose of morphine given parentally. (Bryant & Knights, 2011) Morphine has short half-life of 1.5 hours-7 hours, however this can depend on the patient as many contributing factors such as weight, sex and height, age and pre-existing…

The 1958 Delaney Amendment prevented the use of any food additive shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals, regardless of the dose. By the 1970s, cyclamate was suggested to be a carcinogen by some rat studies. In response to the 1958 Delaney Amendment all sweeteners containing cyclamate were banned. This left saccharin as the only artificial sweetener on the market. Saccharin was mostly used by white, middle class women. Since it was the only no calorie artificial sweetener on the market,…

Everyone in the world receives some amount of natural radiation daily, even pregnant women. However, during pregnancy getting a medical x-ray and receiving any man-made radiation can be harmful to the mother and the unborn fetus as well as the technologist performing the examination. Let’s explore and discuss the effects that radiation can have on the pregnant patient, the unborn embryo/fetus, the pregnant technologist, and the protective or precautionary measures that can be taken to reduce as…

feedings. According to Hatfield (2008), “this study seems to indicate that a weight-based volume dose of 0.6 mL/kg of a 24 g/1000 mL (24%) oral sucrose solution administered as a preprocedural analgesic prior to three serial routine immunizations is prompt, safe and effective in decreasing behavioral pain response following immunizations in infants” (p.224). The target population of this study was equivalent to that of the PICO question. This study specifically addressed the effects of oral…

and sleep disturbances, as well as shows promising results in therapies for cancer, inflammation, and bacterial/viral infections. In Germany, Saint-John 's-wort is considered as a drug and has been approved/regulated by Commission E (the German equivalent of the USA Food Drug Administration) for the treatment of mild depression, anxiety, and nervous unrest. Research Researchers have long-accepted that hypericin is the active antidepressant ingredient of St. John’s wort although some recent…

dangerous painkiller. Besides treating pain, methadone plays an important role in the treatment of opioid addiction. Opioid Treatment Programs (OTPs), previously known as Methadone Treatment Programs, are outpatient clinics where patients receive a daily dose of methadone to replace the abused opioids. Chapter 21 covers this topic in detail. Toxicity As is true for all opioids, methadone can be toxic. However, it has unique properties that…