Empiricism

Debatably the most integral question in the philosophy of science is how to demarcate between scientific and non-scientific theories, and many conflicting opinions have arisen throughout history. Rudolf Carnap was a German philosopher who believed that verificationism was the absolute method of demarcating science and non-science, and he shared this view with logical positivists. Karl Popper was an Austrian and British philosopher who instead believed falsificationism was in fact the appropriate…

2) a,b : This passage is taken from "What is Enlightenment", by Immanuel Kant, from the first page of the essay. Kant is criticizing the over dependence of a grown up individual for nurturing and caretaking and possibly resisting the responsibilities brought to him. He says these deficiencies are caused by laziness and cowardice. Kant states that enlightenment is a man freeing himself from self-imposed nonage. He moves on explaining the reasons why this nonage takes place, and then moves on…

Methodology Epistemology and Ontology The research will be based on the paradigm of scientific realism, according to which the only reliable means of achieving knowledge about the world is scientific research, the result of which is interpreted with the help of scientific theories. This approach will explain the causal relationship between ineffectiveness of rehabilitative justice and possible causes of it. Epistemology in the research is positivism. Crowther-Dowey and Fussey (2013, p.40) claim…

In the two poems, “Choose Something Like A Star” by Robert Frost and “Bright Star” by John Keats share a common star that is scrutinized. The two authors worship the star presence, but alternates the aspects from the star. Both authors use different writing styles to accommodate their themes differently. “Choose Something Like A Star” is written in 25 lines and a varying rhyme scheme. Robert Frost addresses to the star as “your loftiness”or rather someone superior. Furthermore in the poem,…

People confuse theories with laws in science all the time. An accepted scientific theory does not need to be a law to be considered truthful. A scientific law, on the other hand is in itself a theory that has gain more universal acceptance. However, a scientific law can, even though rarely, be changed if new information is acquired. The problem is when people believe that because theories and very few times laws are reconsidered and changed they should always look science with skepticism, but…

Answering the Checklist Questions: The Critical Decisions 1. Scale of measurement? Both the F and the A-S scales are considered to be interval measures distributed normally in the population. Use Fig. 10. 2. Hypothesis? The hypothesis in this case is one of association. (One group is being measured on two different response dimensions). We can never test for differences between completely unrelated measures. 3. If the hypothesis of difference is tested, are the groups independent or…

What is personal identity? My definition of personal identity is the act of knowing who you truly are without letting anyone or anything show or tell you otherwise. It includes the personality, morals, and value you uphold. There are various philosophers who had their own definition of personal identity as well. John Lock and David Hume are two of many philosophers who pushed their meanings of personal identity. Here is what they elaborated on pertaining to personal identity. Locke stated…

Digital Nation did a wonderful job presenting information about how the world is changing and becoming more digitalized. Though it may be a good video, we need to know if its content is valid. Using media literacy, we will understand where the information is coming from and whether or not it should be trusted. In order to do this, we need to ask questions about the different things we are viewing. After doing this, we can see that this video is literate in some cases because it has good…

Unlike the normal term theory, a scientific theory must be backed by evidence. In general, the term theory suggests an idea with evidence or proof to back it up. A hypothesis is an idea that hasn’t been proven yet and, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, every scientific theory begins as a hypothesis. If evidence is then accumulated to support the hypothesis, then is begins a theory as it has evidence to support the belief. Evidence linked to theory can involve observations, experiments…

throughout time the same scientific data has been viewed differently by people in various global locations. These differences could very possibly be caused by each person having their own unique observation. Kuhn believes our world view to be all we have, it is how we view the world observe and experience the world but there is no way to discover how close our world view is to reality. Here, Kuhn suggest that each individual being experiences the world differently. His reasoning is as follows:…