Brainstem

the case study states the cranial nerve is only partially functional (Walker,2017). Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve is a mixed nerve which includes both sensory and motor nerve fibers (Walker). The facial nerve originates in the pons of the brainstem (Curry,2017). There is a sensory and motor root where the nerve originates from the pons (Curry,2017). As these two…

The Role of Neurophysiology in the Treatment of Rett Syndrome Rett syndrome, named after Dr. Andreas Rett (Briggs,2014) who first identified the condition, is a severe neurodevelopment disorder characterized by compromised brain functions, severe mental retardation, language and learning disabilities, repetitive stereotyped hand movements, and developmental regression (Liyanage & Rastegar, 2014). The high prevalence of Rett syndrome in small children and the associated developmental regression…

rehabilitation for those who have lost their hearing due to VS and can provide hearing aid or cochlear implants; however even with the implants many patients’ hearing are not improved due to damage of the cochlear (if so patients can instead have an auditory brainstem or midbrain implantation) (2, 6). If cochlear implants are successive then patients’ speech improves dramatically (6). Usually the implants are placed in after the removal of the initial case of VS the patient has encountered (6).…

chemotherapy or radiation if they are cancerous. Stereotactic radiosurgery can be used for tumors and to help slow hearing loss. Physical therapy can help with balance problems and medication can be used to alleviate pain. Cochlear implants and auditory brainstem implants can be implanted for assistance with hearing. The average life expectancy for someone with neurofibromatosis type two is 65 and it is usually not…

The incidence of death from cancer is decreasing, but it will always have a significant impact in nursing practice. Mortality has declined by 66% over the past 30 years, from a 5-year survival rate of less than 50% to approximately 83% today (Barbel & Peterson, 2015). The article, “Recognizing subtle signs and symptoms of pediatric cancer”, discusses the causes and risks, signs and symptoms, details of the different forms of cancer, as well as some nursing implications in regards to pediatric…

chemotherapy side effects, cannabinoids are shown to have a significant neuro-modulatory function in decreasing CINV.1 CB1 cannabinoid receptors are present in the central nervous system, while recent evidence proposes that CB2 receptors are present on brainstem neurons. Both CB1 and CB2 receptors may have a role in mediating the cannabinoid effects on vomiting. Whether through a CB1 receptor agonist or with CB2 binding, cannabinoids directly and indirectly affect serotonin,…

The Phantom limb is a sensation experienced by someone who has had a limb amputated that the limb is still there. People who have had their limb or some other part of their body part amputated, still experience this. They still feel pain and experience the sensation that it is still attached to the body. The explanation for the phantom limb pain range from injured nerve endings where the limb was lost to changes in the brain areas connected with the missing limb. Phantom limbs also allow us to…

central pathway generator (Moon, 2014, p. 164). There is a multitude of different stimuli that may trigger the body’s involuntary response to become nauseous. “In particular, the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) located in the fourth ventricle of the brainstem lies outside the blood-brain barrier and is therefore exposed to drugs, such as inhalational anesthetics and opioids” (Moon, 2014, p. 164). Medications commonly used to treat pain are usually the guilty culprit causing nausea and…

Indeed, the process of sleep and wakefulness is regulated by the hypothalamus, brainstem, and basal forebrain, also, they are part of the arousal system. Individuals with insomnia have a high cerebral metabolism in these areas during non-REM sleep. However, the cerebral metabolic rate decreases among individual with no insomnia during…

intracranial pressure. The status of the midbrain and pons is mirrored by pupillary responses. Also, the function of the cranial nerves IX and X and protective mechanisms such as cough and gag reflexes may be compromised due to the pressure on the brainstem. The three signs, which include increased mean arterial pressure (MAP), increased pulse pressure and bradycardia is known as Cushing’s triad, which can be a signal to notify that the brainstem’s final effort to maintain cerebral perfusion.…