Brainstem

impairment. Although patients with this syndrome are conscious, they suffer from quadriplegia and paralysis of all voluntary movements except eye movement(2). The most common cause of locked-in syndrome is stroke which damages the pons, a part of the brainstem that contain neuronal pathways between the cerebrum, spinal cord, and cerebellum. Moreover, there are less frequent causes that affect the pons such as hemorrhages, thrombosis, traumas, and tumors(2). Finally, treatment of locked-in…

The oculomotor nerve is located in the anterior portion of the brainstem by the midbrain and pons. First, the oculomotor nerve goes through the dura mater, more specifically, the tentorium cerebelli. Next, the oculomotor goes through the lateral portion of cavernous sinus through the superior orbital fissure (“The Oculomotor…

Bong – bong’s Medical History Bong – bong was born full term to 23 – year old, mother. He was delivered by spontaneous vaginal delivery at Chinese General Hospital with a birth weight of 6.8 lbs. Bong – bong’s mother had a regular check – ups and at 7 months. However, Bong – bong’s mother have experienced premature labor at 7 months and a caesarean section was performed. There was no vaginal bleeding and hypertension during the course of her pregnancy. Bong – bong and is mother was discharge…

Testing the Function of the Facial Nerve VII Anatomy & Physiology 203 November 15, 2014 Introduction: The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve of the peripheral nervous system that is the chief motor nerve of the face. It exits the brainstem between the pons and the medulla. The primary motor function is the control of the muscles of facial expressions and conveys impulses of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and mouth. It also supplies many of the glands…

running are actions we take for granted. However, 1 in 6000 people are unable to perform these daily functions (Reference, Genetics). Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder affecting the motor neurons located in the spinal cord and brainstem responsible for muscular movement (Reference, Genetics). Genes accountable for the production of survival motor neurons (SMN) proteins, the SMN1 and SMN2, suffer mutations or deletions in their genes (Reference, Genetics). This causes atrophy…

locomotion in mammals are controlled by an area of the spinal cord known as the Central Pattern Generator (CPG) (Kiehn, 2006). The neural circuits in the CPG get activated by a signal through the descending locomotor commands coming from neurons in the brainstem and midbrain. After that, the neurons in the CPG take over producing the rhythm and pattern for muscle contraction (Kiehn, 2006). The CPG contains six different classes of interneuron populations which include V0, V1, V2a, V2b, V3, and…

Spina Bifida Maya Bastian University of Minnesota Spina Bifida Introduction Spina bifida is a spinal cord malformation caused by a defect of the neural tube (McLone, & Bowman, 2016a). There are three main classifications of spina bifida (McLone, & Bowman, 2016a). Myelomeningocele, the most serious neural tube defect, is visible at birth. Children with myelomeningocele have a cleft in the vertebral column, with a corresponding defect in the skin resulting in a sac of fluid that contains…

TDP-43 protein has usually shifted its location from the nucleus to throughout the cytoplasm of the cell. This abnormal accumulation of TDP-43 in the cytoplasm is not only found in neurons and glial cells of the primary motor cortex but as well as in brainstem motor nuclei, the spinal cord, and in certain associated white matter tracts (Mackenzie et al 2010). It is at this point that TDP-43 becomes phosphorylated and the C-terminus cleaved resulting in the truncation of the protein (T.F. Gendron…

A changing society was ready for new ideas to explain the functions of the brain and many people welcomed the doctrine of Phrenology (Critchley, 1965). People began to believe less in God and phrenology offered an innovative view, starting to question both materialism and fatalism. After an attack on phrenology by the Edinburgh Review, which was a very highly respected magazine, the Edinburgh Phrenological Society decided to accommodate the science to become appealing to the public. The Society…

The system is what makes up our body, it's the foremost sophisticated of the various systems within the body, and it's conjointly a network of nerve cells and fibres that transmits nerve impulses between components of the body. This essay will explore the structure and functions of the system similarly as well as looking in depth at the neurons and how they communicate The system is split into two components, the central nervous system- which incorporates the brain and also the spinal cord. The…