Y chromosome

the nucleus as chromatin, but during cell division the DNA stored as chromatin condense into chromosomes. -The DNA initially condenses into chromatin when it is wrapped around histone (a protein molecule) and then coiled. -Histone is positively charged (DNA is negatively charged) and is made from four main proteins. -Once DNA is wrapped into chromatin, it is further coiled and condensed to make chromosomes. -In…

Each year about four million babies are born around the world. Out of four million only three percent will be born with a genetic disorder and around one percent of the babies will be born with chromosomal abnormality. The reactions to these disorders vary from stares to happiness, resulting in the child feeling different or abnormal but it should not be a thing to frown upon. Ectodermal dysplasia is a group of syndromes that involve defects in the skin,hair, and nails. There are about more…

syndrome, is a severe pleiotropic autosomal recessive developmental disorder caused by dysfunction of primary cilia during early embryogenesis. In addition, it has discovered that there is more than one gene can cause the disease and which genes on chromosome 8, 11 and 17. And it is a rare disease and the different incidence of this disease around the world at a rate of 1 to 1…

When sperm with no X chromosome unites with a normal egg to form an embryo, that embryo will have just one X chromosome rather than two. As the baby grows and the cells divide, the X chromosome will be missing from every cell of the baby's body. In some cases, both X chromosomes are present, but one is abnormal. It may be shaped differently or missing genetic material. The effects of the condition…

Metaphase I (MI) (Assembly of meiotic apparatus) During Metaphase I, Chromosomes move together along the metaphase plate. DNA replication, repair spindle function, and chromosome segregation are controlled by regulatory mechanisms of spindle assembly checkpoints (Elledge, 1996). The cellular spindle apparatus includes the spindle microtubules, associated proteins, and any centrosomes or asters present at the spindle poles. The dynamic lengthening and shortening of spindle microtubules (Mitchison…

syndrome and 5p deletion, is a chromosomal disorder resulting from the deletion of the short arm, known as the p arm on chromosome 5 (1). This disease was first described in 1963 by a French geneticist, Jerome Lejeune as a hereditary congenital syndrome (1). Today, it is known as one of most frequent autosomal deletion syndromes that results from loss of the distal portion of chromosome 5 affecting the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene (6). The deletion occurs at random during…

parts of the second sex chromosome. This condition only affects women and girls because the X-chromosome is missing or partially missing or rearranged. X-chromosome monosomy, X-chromosome mosaicism, and X-chromosome defects are common causes of the absence or alterations of the X-chromosome. Monosomy X occurs in about half of the girls with Turner syndrome. This means that each cell in each of their bodies has only one copy of the X chromosome instead of two sex chromosomes. Mosaicism can also…

chromosomal DNA. Chromosomes can be circular in prokaryotic, or simpler single-celled organisms such as bacteria, but tend to be linear in more complex eukaryotic cells. The replicon, or the enzymatic complex that replicates DNA has limitations on its efficiency and capabilities. For example, eukaryotic DNA polymerase requires a short RNA primer to begin replication on the lagging strand, because of this replication cannot continue replication all the way to the end of the chromosome, and it…

a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, and each set ends up in its own nucleus. Mitosis is composed of several different components: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Interphase is the stage that happens right before mitosis, this is where a typical cell spends most of its life. In the prophase stage of mitosis, the first stage of cell division, the chromosomes become visible as paired…

(also known as polydactyly), abnormal development of fingernails, short limb dwarfism, and over half the cases have shown congenital heart defects. Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome is associated with abnormalities or mutations in two genes on the number 4 chromosome. This syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic condition, which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of a child with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated…