Y chromosome

fertilize the egg as opposed to monospermy, which is the normal fusion of one sperm nuclei with the egg nuclei creating a diploid nucleus and therefore a viable zygote. Polyspermy will result in an egg that contains more than two copies of each chromosome (for example, forming a triploid nucleus) and typically results in a zygote that is unviable. There are two mechanisms that exist to prevent polyspermy. The first is fast block to polyspermy. As the sperm enters, the membrane potential…

from a extra copy a chromosome, in most cases it is an extra part of chromosome 21. A chromosome is found in most living organisms which is responsible for carrying genetic information. An average Zygote (a fertilised Ovum) will have 23 pairs of chromosomes but in the case of a genetic disorder such as down syndrome, a problem will occur with the chromosomes and can cause physical…

Phenylketonuria A disease is an infection that happens because of outside bacteria or viruses. Meanwhile, a inherited genetic disorder is found in DNA and occurs when inherited by one’s parent. Numerous are caused by transformation in the quality of the cell. Having Phenylketonuria, your body won’t be able to process Phenylalanine, a protein that is in most of the foods. Phenylketonuria is usually found in people from Native American and Northern European ancestry and less common in people from…

"As many as 4,000 children are born in the U.S. every year with some form of mitochondrial disease, which can include poor growth, loss of muscle coordination, learning disabilities and heart disease," Peter Sutovsky said, a professor of reproductive physiology at Mizzou who conducted research on Mitochondrial irregularities with his partner, Won-Hee song, at Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). These diseases are usually caused by heteroplasmy, or an incorrect inheritance of…

Phagocytosis: The effects of time and Latrunculin on endocytosis. Introduction Phagocytosis is a process in which cells engulfed foreign materials. Eukaryotic cells can engulf different particles and solutes from their environment using a variety of mechanisms called endocytosis. Some cells can carry out large endocytic processes called phagocytosis and micropinocytosis. These processes can internalize particles (>0.5um) whereas internalization of fluids through micropinocytosis mechanisms…

Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproductive organisms that leads to the production of reproductive cells called gametes. The process of meiosis begins with a diploid (2n) cell, which has a full amount of chromosomes. For example, in humans, the diploid number is 46. Meiosis gives the end product of four haploid (n) gametes, which have half of the amount of DNA that their parent cells have. In humans, this haploid number is 23. The process of meiosis has many steps…

gene located on the long arm of chromosome 12 at position 21.32, known for making a protein that is present in many types of cells but not well understood. Studies suggest that it plays an important role in the development and activity of centrosomes and cilia. The IQCB1 gene located on the long arm of chromosome 3 at position 13.33, makes a protein used by the primary cilia of renal cells and photoreceptor cells. The NPHP1 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 2 at position 13, provides…

There are billions of people in the world. They all start as small infants, then grow up. But not everyone turns out the same as the next. Some turn out to be truly evil beings. The truth is, many humans have done acts of evil, but no one is born evil. They are born like a blank slate, bound to be shaped by society. People believe others are either born to be corrupted or born to be kind. In this essay, to prove that people are born as a blank state and not either one of those we will show…

Introduction When analyzing biological processes and development, Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal organism to utilize. Compared to other organisms, the functions of D. melanogaster are easier to manipulate due to its quick sedation time from carbon dioxide. These flies can be sedated in less than ten seconds with a carbon dioxide flow rate of 5L/min. D. melanogaster also produces offspring in a short amount of time (roughly 10 days at 25 degrees Celsius), which makes it a desirable species…

the PD (parental ditype) and NPD (non-parental ditype) asci along with the segregation independently, should be equal. The second hypothesis is for linked genes and this is that both of the spore coloration are seen on the same pair of homologous chromosomes. This just makes them inherited together due to the linkage physically together. The rule states that Mendel’s law doesn’t correspond with this and it would not make sense if the genes were linked. If the genes were linked then the PD and T…