Virulence

cope with the host, as it can seek out essential nutrients, avoid eradication by the host immune system and manipulate host cell responses for its own benefit. Most of these strategies are employed by the secretion of virulence factors, which is mediated by secretion systems. Virulence factors can display several activities helpful for bacterial adaptation or pathogenicity, allowing the microorganism to successfully colonize and infect individuals (4). In gram-negative bacteria, secretion…

Introduction: Herpes Labialis, also known as the cold sore, is characterized by painful clusters of clear blisters on or around the mouth, and is often accompanied with fever. The disease is usually caused by the virus HSV-1, or herpes simplex type 1, but can also be caused by HSV-2. In a previous study, it was found that 67.6% of Americans possessed antibodies for HSV-1, establishing HSV-1 as an exceptionally prevalent virus even in developed countries 9. The virus is spread through skin to…

Plasmid Interference in Regulation of the Type III Secretion System in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen, commonly colonizes patients with cystic fibrosis (1) and contributes to a sizeable proportion of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections (2). Acute P. aeruginosa infections are characterized by the expression of the type III secretion system (T3SS) comprised of a needle-like apparatus used to inject exoenzymes into neighboring cells (1, 3). These…

Streptococcus Equi, More commonly known as Strangles is an infectious equine disease that is characterized by attacking and breaking down the lymphoid tissue of the upper respiratory tract making this disease fatal. Streptococcus is a type of bacterium which causes the disease. Strangles got its name because historically, affected horses were sometimes suffocated from inflamed lymph nodes in their upper airway and trachea.When a horse gets this disease the bacteria cells attach to the tonsil…

Current vaccination for prevention of tuberculosis is limited to the bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. It has prevented a large number of potential TB deaths each year, yet remains controversial due to its highly variable protection against pulmonary disease. The BCG vaccine has been administered since 1921 and after years of use in countries with high TB rates, its effectiveness at eradicating TB as a public health problem has been suboptimal [1]. While BCG vaccination in infants has been…

Francisella tularensis is an important microbial agent which causes the severe infection of tularemia. The intracellular life cycle of this bacterium is supported by a vast range of protective guards such as enzymes. Although several enzymes are recognized in different subspecies of the bacterium, acid phosphatase and superoxide dismutase are seen in all bacterial subspecies. On the other hand, the most important enzymatic system relating to host cells is NADPH oxidase. For this reason, the…

(Stevens). The bacterium only infects humans (touching base, 2001). Joseph Ferretti along with other colleagues from the University of Oklahoma reported the complete genome sequence (touching base, 2001). There are roughly 1800 genes, 40 of them have virulence genes which is more than any other bacteria contains (Burch, 2008). GAS have been classified into different groups A through O based on acid extractable carbohydrate antigens of the cell wall through extensive work of Rebecca Lancefield…

Salk is trying to develop the vaccine, which later will be renowned as the first successive polio vaccine in history. He wanted the vaccine to be safe. To ensure its safe, he exposed the virus to formaldehyde for up to 13 day and tested for virulence in monkey brains. After he made the vaccine, he made a trial. He injected the vaccine to almost two million children. In 1955, the vaccination…

Impact of the Rabies Virus: Risks and Preventative Measures for Health and Safety Megan Goebel MMI 133 Dr. Judy Gnarpe It is uncommon today to not have a pet as a family member or have zero contact with animals. Due to this increasing trend, it is important to be aware of the risks from zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted to humans. As a new owner, I was given the opportunity to learn from a veterinarian about the health of my pet and common diseases that are preventable with great…

Introduction Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most successful human pathogens, which can be detected in varied parts of the world . ()Some factors including virulence factor and drug resistance are efficacious in increasing infectious related death rate. Firstly, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains were recognized in the early 1960s, moreover, they considered as a nosocomial deathful pathogen due to their role in increasing costs and bedridden length() In 2010 almost…