Upper respiratory tract infection

susceptible, it can lead to bacterial meningitis. Incidence of N. meningitidis is strongly influenced by age. Infants have the highest risk for meningococcal disease. Low serum bactericidal antibody levels play a large role in those that are at risk for infection. Those with compromised immune systems are also at an increased risk of meningococcal disease, especially those with HIV, anatomic asplenia and deficiencies in the innate immune system (Harrison 2011). N. meningitidis has been found…

Because there are many antigens that enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract, there must be a method by which the immune system is suppressed in order to prevent potentially harmful immune responses resulting from encountering these antigens. It is thought that intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) regulate innate and adaptive immune responses, and because there is one IEL per ten intestinal epithelial cells, suppression of the immune system occurs frequently in the gut – in particular,…

offices and one of the most frequent reasons for prescribing antibiotics to children (Roland, 2010). The most common bacteria responsible for ear infections are Streptococcus pneumoniae. Otitis media occurs when the Eustachian tubes are swollen or blocked and fluid is trapped in the middle ear. This blockage happens because of allergies, colds, sinus infections, and cigarette smoke, infected or enlarged adenoids or in infants, drinking while laying down (Kivi and Yu, 2012). The presentation of…

Kim 2 Shape & Structure The pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a special simple columnar cell that appears to be stratified. However, upon closer inspection of the cell, we see that it only has one layer instead of the multiple layers like it's stratified counterpart. The actual shape of the cell itself consists of basal, fusiform, and columnar cells with only the columnar cells reaching the apical(free) surface, this makes it appear stratified due to the other cells (basal & fusiform) not…

happen at any age, 3 years old has been the lowest. The number of cases for Bell’s palsy is 20 per 100,000 population per year and increases with age. The causes of Bell’s palsy are unknown but threats include diabetes, and a recent upper respiratory tract infection. Corticosteroids and antivirals are used to treat Bell’s palsy, no…

Sinus infection causes pain and irritation to those who are suffering from it. A blocked nasal passage and an inflamed sinus is enough to hinder you from doing your regular activities in the day even if you want to work. That is why, people should know what the treatment for sinus infection are. There are many treatments that you can use for sinus infection ranging from over-the-counter medications to simple home remedies. You will be surprise to note that these home remedies for sinus infection…

patient from Fairfax Inova Hospital. Bronchiectasis is an abnormal and permanent dilation of airways in which the bronchial walls become inflamed, the mucociliary elevator is impaired, and the mucus accumulates leading to increased susceptibility to infection. It can be classified according to morphological forms such as cylindrical bronchiectasis form where the bronchi are enlarged and cylindrical (least severe), varicose bronchiectasis form where the bronchi are irregular distorted with zones…

Measles or rubella, with the scientific name of Morbillivirus measles virus is a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory system. The virus is spread by contact with an infected persons saliva or mucus (Healthline, 2015). A doctor in the 9th century published the first report of measles virus (CDC, 2014). Measles is the cause of 100, 000 fatalities each year worldwide, mainly affecting children (Mayo Clinic, 2015). With a long existence and immense death rates, measles is one of the…

and the influx of immune cells (eosinophils, neutrophils and T lymphocytes) that trigger the resident cells (goblet cells) to increase the production of thick mucus and swelling of the muscular layer. Therefore, partially or fully occluding the respiratory bronchial lumen resulting in air not being exhaled. These are mechanisms to stop the irritation and rubbing of the airways, but consequently, impacts on the individuals’ ability to breathe as it…

Down syndrome or trisomy 21 is caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 21 and it is a developmental disorder which means having three copies of each genes rather than two, this extra copy changes several characteristics and leads to physical and mental issues for the child. Anyway, what are the signs and symptoms of Down syndrome? Different complications at different times of lives may happen to people with Down syndrome as well as the signs of Down syndrome can vary from one person to…