T cells

Gene therapy is where normal genes/ genetic material are inserted into the cell where missing or malfunctioning genes are, potentially correcting any disorders caused by the faulty gene. Leading research of gene therapy to treat Cystic Fibrosis has made ground breaking discoveries in ways in which faulty or missing CFTR genes (responsible for moving salt and water out of cells) can be replaced via Vectors, to ensure the protein can regain its normal function. This annotated bibliography provides…

The debate over whether or not cell phones should be utilized in the classroom has spiraled. According to the article “The Use of Mobile Devices in the College Classroom”, author Maryellen Weimer presents research and statistics to prove why cell phones should not be permitted for use in the classroom. However, there will always be distractions. If phones are taken up before class starts, students will find another way of becoming distracted whether it’s talking, passing notes, or zoning out…

In our world we are constanting fighting to find cures to different diseases and disorders. The human race throughout the years has consistently advanced in ways previously believed to be impossible. Although we have accomplished many triumphs in the world of science, we have to be forever willing to take the next leap. Genetic modification and human cloning is the next big medical breakthrough and technological advancement. Genetic modification and human cloning offers the world an infinite…

in West Africa. HIV-1 Tat protein is important to viral replication and infectivity. During acute infection, infected cells releases Tat by extracellular means and becomes engulfed by neighboring cells, where it activates viral replication thus increases virus infectivity. Vital brain cells known as neurons can be indirectly damaged by HIV. It infects macrophages and microglia-cells that nurture the brain, causing them to produce toxins that instruct neurons to kill themselves.…

compacted into chromosomes to fit into the nucleus. As well as storing genetic material and information in the nuclei, DNA has many different functions. One of DNA’s main functions is DNA replication, where DNA is copied in order to form two daughter cells of DNA. During DNA replication, DNA helicase causes the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary base pairs to break and the double helix to unwind into two strands. DNA polymerase then attaches to the start of each strand, acting as a…

Rhodopsin is a GPCR found in rod cells of the eye. Rhodopsin consists of Opsin and a 11-cis-retinal chromophore. Absorption of a photon results in the isomerisation of the 11-cis-retinal to an all trans retinal, leading to a conformational change of the GPCR and formation of the intermediate…

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is in all living things. Most cells in the human body have the same DNA inside of their cells. Most DNA is at the nucleus of a cell. Mitochondria are a part of a cell (“What is DNA?”). DNA is also found in mitochondria. The DNA inside of mitochondria is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA (“What is DNA?”) . Information in DNA is: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). These are known as bases. Human DNA has three billion bases. The…

prone to opportunistic infections due to uncharacteristic development of the thymus gland during pregnancy, whereby it could be smaller than average, in an altogether incorrect location or simply be absent. This means there will be significantly less t cells in the body resulting in an impaired immune system. (Max Appeal, 2015) 75% of sufferers of this disorder are found to have some sort of heart defect, with one particular study finding that 43 of 46 deaths in new-borns –with this disorder –…

Designer Babies are the Future Designer babies will help reduce the amount of children born with genetic diseases. What if one person has a trait that is immune to cancer? Wouldn 't we want to mass-produce that? Even if it was to insert it through a designer baby. Just as in Genetic engineering we can take out one gene and replace it with a better one. How that works: 1. Have an organism that naturally has that trait. 2. They take that trait out of the organism and clone it. 3. Fix it so that…

The most common effect of polyploidy in plants is the gigas effect. Gigas effect was explained by Stebbins (1950) as increase in cell size causing larger organs such as roots, leaves, tubercles, fruits, flowers and seeds. However, this is not always exhibited by polyploid plants as the number of cell divisions in polyploidy is often reduced (Stebbins, 1971). Polyploid plants tend to have lower growth rates and flower later or in longer period than their diploid…