Soy protein

year 2009 in Northern England, for every 100,000 males, 16 had DMD (0.016%). DMD affects males before the age of 5 due to a gene mutation on the X chromosome, thus causing males to be more at risk. The gene mutation prevents the translation of the protein dystrophin…

gene was identified by Ronald Konopka and Seymour Benzer at CalTech as one of the primary clock genes (1971). Further research revealed a feedback loop comprising of the transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications of the PER protein that serves as the framework for rhythmicity in the biological clock (Hardin et al, 1990, 1992); this feedback loop is often referred to as the TTFL (Transcription Translation Feedback Loop).…

SSRs types and repeat units (Lawson and Zhang, 2006). The origin of SSRs can be equally represented in all region of genome including a coding portion that resulted in the appearance of similar amino acid repeats or tandem oligopeptide repeats in protein sequences (Katti et al., 2005). During the decade several genomes have been sequenced, leading to an increased interest in understanding the molecular mechanism involved in the origin evolution and insertion/deletion of microsatellite (Toth et…

1) With the increase in aquatic depth, Po2 & Pn2 increase. Increasing Po2 in the atrial blood will provide the necessary oxygenation to other vital organs as well as the brain unless the diver depletes his/her oxygen supplies which results in a state of hypoxia (Caton-Richards. M, 2013). It is also said that Po2 along with increasing depth plays a role with inhibiting the urge respirate thus, allowing the diver to stay under water longer. Pn2 on the other hand activates the urge to respirate.…

Introduction The human cell consists of three parts; the plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus. The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell, it separates two major fluid compartments- the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid, and plays a key role in cell transport. Cell transport is the movement of materials across a selectively permeable membrane, and this process can occur in two ways; passive transport and active transport. Passive transport allows substances to…

molecules diffuse more rapidly than large molecules. Distribution happens after the drugs entering the systemic circulation and transport to the target tissues/organs. The factors that affect drug distribution are similar as absorption, which include protein binding, blood flow to the area, and lipid or water soluble. Lipid soluble drugs may only distribute or store into fatty tissues while water soluble drugs stay in high vascular areas and do not distribute well into most tissues/organs Many…

Introduction According to Yamamoto and Vernier (2011), dopamine is without a doubt one of the oldest neurotransmitters acting on the central nervous system. The researchers suggest that the emergence of dopaminergic systems most likely predates the divergence of chordates during evolution, and the neurotransmitter’s common ancestry is suggested by commonalities among different species that express the same enzymes, vesicle transporters, degradation enzymes, and receptors. Since dopamine is a…

patients (1). Many pathways that involved in DN have been postulated such as hyperglycemia, oxidative stress (OS) and activation of protein kinase C (PKC) (2-4) (Table 1). The up-regulation of the receptors for AGE (RAGE) has been implicated as a major mediator in the development and progression of DN. Renal fibrosis characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix protein results in CKD including DN. It was found that transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) signaling pathway plays a key role…

anatomically observe the location of a specific protein or antigen in cells by the use of a specific primary antibody that binds to it. A staining reagent or chromagen is used to help detect certain proteins used in this experiment, called 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (DAB). 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) DAB, a derivative of benzene, is an organic compound, which is both chemically and thermodynamically stable, used in the staining of nucleic acids and proteins, most commonly for immunohistochemical…

leucine to proline at amino acid position 1544(Ashcroft, 2005). This mutation simply reduce the activation of the channel by stimulatory nucleotide MgADP, as the NBDs sensitivity to this nucleotide is greatly/entirely lost. The failure of the channel activation means the open state of the channel pore is greatly reduced/blocked. This occurs as the inhibitory nucleotide (ATP) would have higher affinity for the channel than the activating nucleotide (MgADP). Closure of the K+ channel leads to…