Solubility equilibrium

Enantiomeric purity The enantiomeric purity is an important issue to produce pharmaceutical products of acceptable quality. The mobile phase was optimized to discriminate ESO and S-NAP from their chiral impurity (R-isomer). For checking the method ability to separate the chiral impurities from the active isomers of each drug, spiking of the prepared pure S-NAP and ESO isomers with their corresponding racemic mixtures at 1%, 2% and 5% levels of the main peak was done. Method optimization was…

In this lab, the guiding question is “How does the surface tension and relative intermolecular forces compare between certain substances?” In order to fully understand this guiding question, we have to know what is the surface tension and intermolecular force. The definition of surface tension is “the inward force, or pull, that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid, and the definition of intermolecular force is the force, or pull, between the molecular which has polar…

2. Synthetic surfactants used in pharmaceuticals and their properties. 2.1 Classification of surface active agents. The widely used synthethic surfactants in pharmaceuticals are classifieds as according on their surface charges. 1.Anionic surfactants:sodium alkyl sulfonates .SDS,SLS. 2.Cationic surfactants:Quaternary ammonium chlorides (quats),pyridinium salts . 3.Zwetterionic (amphoteric) surfactants:phospholipids- Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin). 4.Nonionic surfactants: spans( esters of…

Direct Polycondensation The direct polycondensation has 3 main steps: 1. Removal of water. 2. Polycondensation of oligomer. 3. Melt condensation that makes PLA with high molecular weight. Direct polycondensation of lactic acid is the modest reaction that forms lactide simultaneously by the decomposition processes and it is not used for the large production of PLA [19-22]. Back in the days, the direct polycondensation was assumed as the reaction that produces inadequate polymers with low…

The simple integral desorption model was used to represent the physical phenomena of the extraction process.20 The extraction vessel is loaded with leaf particles with an initial andrographolide concentration of S0 (g/g leaf particles) to form a packed bed system. Fresh supercritical solvent is fed in to the bed, the pore and void volumes () are initially free of solute, and the process is isothermal. The total mass balance in the supercritical fluid phase of this system can be described by the…

bioavailability enhancement. The reason for poor bioavailability (2%) of Raloxifene Hydrochloride is low solubility (100μg/mL) and high hepatic first pass metabolism. According to BCS, Raloxifene Hydrochloride is considered as Class II drug, lipophilic and highly permeable compound. Therefore, formulating Liquisolid Compacts bearing bioenhancer would enhance its bioavailability by increasing solubility and avoiding first pass metabolism. 10.1.1 Analytical Method Development Calibration Plots for…

.1 Material Composition The raw material mentioned above has to be taken into an appropriate ratio to compound the batch sample. Generally, to test the property change in the polymer by the influence of a filler/additive is done by processing several batches with different but gradual loading of the filler/additive. Here, we have to test the properties of nano Calcium Carbonate in the polymer matrix of polypropylene. For this, 12 batches are prepared by using the different size of filler by…

This experiments goal was to successfully produce ZnI2 by using Zinc Sulfate (Heptahydrate) and Barium Iodide Dehydrate, which Jessica and I did with acceptable success. The definition of acceptable success for this experiment is measured by how close our percent yield was close to the ranges provided (0-2% being considered excellent precision and etc). Our percent yield was 92 % meaning that it was an acceptable, but not exactly as close to what we wanted it to be. In order to try and figure…

Lipids: Lipids have a hydrophobic nature because of the predominantly of hydrocarbon chains in their structure. They are insoluble or poorly soluble in water, but readily soluble in non polar solvents such as ether and benzene. Characteristics of Lipids:  Amphiphatic  Naturally occurring  Soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water  Undergo saponification  Undergo emulsification Classification and biological functions of Lipids: • Fatty Acids:  Energy sources  Biosynthetic…

Manila, Philippines Abstract Experiment 3 highlights the separation of caffeine from tea leaves and using chromatography for testing its purity. Extraction is a method of separating the desired from the undesired substance in a mixture through the solubility properties of the substances. In the experimental extraction, Camellia sinensis was used and extracted with CH2Cl2, 6M NaOH, and NaS04 which yielded 0.0258g or 0.25% caffeine. Water boiling point is 100℃ while caffeine boiling point is 178℃.…