Polarization

At this point, it is important to note that, this particular orientation of rhodopsin in the microvillar membrane which gives selective sensitivity to polarized light by itself is not sufficient to analyse the sky 's polarization. An interesting analogy to spectral vision may be stated at this point to make this concept clearer, just like how it would be impossible to detect various colours if only one colour pigment was present, it is equally impossible to analyse the sky 's polarization if the eyes are sensitive to only one particular type of polarization. Therefore, it is clear that different types of receptor which are sensitive to different types of polarization must coordinate and work to give an unambiguous direction of polarization. Some suggested examples of receptors are, one which differentiates the intensity of incident light, another receptor which detects shade (hue) of colour i.e., sensitive to the wavelength of light apart from the previously discussed polarization sensitive receptor. However, it must…

There has been a vast development in the fiber optic sensor technology since the first sensor was patient 40 years back in USA during mid 1960’s named as Fotonic sensor. This can be traced back to papers presented by Simon and Splitz , Hockham and Kao who supported and appreciated the concept of transmission of optical signal over silica fiber with loss noted potentially below compared to that of coaxial copper cables. Furthermore during any conceivable frequency modulation the losses in optical…

Light synthesis principles The basic idea of light waveform synthesis can be described as follows: First, the spectrum of a light waveform is decomposed into its constituent spectral components by a disperser, then, adequate modulators acting on each of this spectral components individually modifies the relative phase (or delay), the amplitude and polarization of these components before they are coherently superimposed again by a combiner to create a desired tailored waveform (Figure 2a)41.…

Fiorina states four contributing factors that contribute to the myth of polarization. The first factor is that Americans are confusing closely divided with deeply divided. As Fiorina argues on page 15, voters are more likely, “ambivalent or uncertain.” The second factor that contributes to the myth of polarization is that political activists are not normal people. Interestingly, here Fiorina concedes that the political class has become more polarized, however, he still holds that Americans are…

Beyond the debate of whether mass polarization is occurring the literature evaluating the possible causes of polarization. Not taken up in this section is where polarization originates in the mass public or among the elites, either way, the cause and influences are cyclical. Brewer (2005), evaluating the cause of partisanship, notes that as new issues arise party elites become polarized on the issues, which then is transferred to the masses—then the masses polarized creating a cyclical pattern…

several decades, have studied and debated the causes and influences of polarization. Ideology is made up of a set of values that inform personal political attitudes. These value preferences can be aligned along a single-dimension liberal to conservative scale (Burden, Caldeira, and Groseclose 2000; Pool and Rosenthal, 2007). Along this ideological scale there has been an increasing sorting of parties to the extreme ends of the scale. Democrats have become more liberal and Republicans (GOP)…

In recent years, Congress has become increasingly polarized in terms of partisanship. The definition of partisan polarization is the separation of the two major parties as they move towards more severe issue positions. In other words, the members of Congress – both in the House of Representatives and in the Senate – tend to be either extremely liberal (corresponding to the Democratic party), or extremely conservative (corresponding to the Republican party). There are currently few members of the…

First of all, the public is polarized politically based on economic inequality. The economic growth of the U.S. economy has improved the financial position of those of higher incomes, while lower income citizens stayed the same. This unequal distribution of growth is recognized as income inequality. Those at the top could utilize resources to prevent the redistribution of America's wealth, while those at the bottom would do the opposite. Polarization amongst the politicians are related to the…

Proposed Solution to the Polarization of American Politics The political division of the people of the United States has never felt stronger than it does now. After the result of the 2016 election, it feels as though half of our country feels completely betrayed while the other half is overcome with joy. This is not how the country should be. The polarization between the two main parties, Republican and Democrat, has reached a point that is becoming concerning for the near future. According to…

Scholars debate whether political polarization has grown among the mass public in the United States. One school of thought does not believe that the public has become more polarized (DiMaggio et. al 1998; Evans 2003; Klinkner 2006; Fiorina et. Al 2008). According to this thought, current measures of polarization conflate citizens’ votes with ideologies. Votes do not directly measure citizens’ ideologies, as citizens take into account candidates’ ideologies as well as their own when voting. On…