Geometrical optics

Light synthesis principles The basic idea of light waveform synthesis can be described as follows: First, the spectrum of a light waveform is decomposed into its constituent spectral components by a disperser, then, adequate modulators acting on each of this spectral components individually modifies the relative phase (or delay), the amplitude and polarization of these components before they are coherently superimposed again by a combiner to create a desired tailored waveform (Figure 2a)41. Although, any arbitrary field waveform can be composed by applying the above idea, in reality the arbitrariness is sensitive to two key parameters. These are: first, the spectral resolution of the disperser ( ) which defines the temporal window (T) with in which the control can be exerted. Second, the total bandwidth ( ), this defines the shortest temporal feature ( ) that can be sculpted upon the intensity profile of the pulse which is given by , as shown in Figure 2b. If the total bandwidth is narrower than the central (centroid) frequency at the limit , this resolution is indeed given by , which corresponds to temporal features encoded on the pulse’s envelope over the time window T. In that case, waveform synthesis is practically a control of the cycle integrated properties of the pulse. However, if the total bandwidth is comparable or preferably greater than the central frequency , the resolution will be given by . This resolution is sufficient for tailoring the subcycle structure of…

Introduction A lens is an object that forms images by refracting light. The images formed can be magnified, real and virtual depending on what lens used and the set-up of the lens system. There are two types of lenses, converging and diverging lenses. Converging lenses cause parallel light rays to converge to a point. Diverging lenses cause parallel light rays to diverge. Typically converging lens are thicker in the middle and diverging lenses are thinner in the middle. Lenses are used for many…

Observation Why do shadows form? Why does light change directions when it hits a mirror? Why can't you see sun rays in the atmosphere? Why does a sun ray turn into a rainbow when going through a prism? Why do mirages happen? Why does an object's appearance (color) change when in different color light? How do a bunch of tiny colored lights in a television make up just one color? Why in water, does it look like a straw is bent but it really isn't? What happens to a piece…

2.4.3. Dispersion of Light The fact that the refractive index different for each wavelength of light produces an effect called dispersion. This can be seen by shining a beam of white light into a triangular prism of glass. White light entering a prism is refracted in the prism at different angles depending on the wavelength of light. The refractive index for the longer wavelengths (red) is lower than for the shorter wavelength (violet). This leads to a large angle of refraction for the longer…

The development of simple methods for generating molecular complexity with defined stereochemistry from easily accessible starting materials became significant and fascinating over last few decades. A simple methoxyphenol is found to be most appropriate precursor for generating wide range of complex cyclic and acyclic architectures. Several chemical1-5 and electrochemical methods6 have been used for the umpolung of electron-rich nucleophilic 2-methoxyphenols and 4-methoxyphenols to electrophilic…

Photographer Marceana Black A photographer is a professional that focuses on the art of taking photographs with a digital or film camera. Photographers use artificial and/or natural lighting to snap pictures of various people, places and things in a variety of settings. Photographers typically do marketing and advertise services to attract clients analyze and decide how to compose a subject,use various photographic techniques and equipment capture subjects in commercial-quality…

General Company Description Hopeful Photography will be a retail portrait photography studio that will serve Tulsa, Oklahoma and surrounding cities with photography and graphic design services. These services include weddings, family portraits, seniors, baby pictures, and custom invitations. Mission Statement The mission of Hopeful Photography is to create and capture lasting memories that evoke creativity and enthusiasm. Company Goals and Objectives The followings are Hopeful Photography…

1. What is macro photography?: Macro photography is when you take a photograph of a very small object very close up. 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of macro lenses?: Macro lenses can magnify a small object to be life size without any other attachments but they are very expensive 3. What are extension tubes? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this piece of equipment?: Extension tubes are hallow tubes placed between the camera and the lens. They aren't as good as macro…

When looking at a flashlight, it can be determined that the flashlight itself resembles a parabola. Flashlights are supposed to be able to focus on a single point, which is infinitely small. Since a flashlight is supposed to mirror a parabola, the flashlight has similar components as a parabola. The filament, which is the part of the flashlight that gives light, resembles the focus on a parabola. The filament is a three dimensional object so it is infinitely larger than a point, yet the filament…

a) Microlens Micolens are small lenses with a diameter smaller than 1 mm, they can work by diffraction, refraction or a combination of these two. When arranged regularly on a single substrate they form a microlens array. In order to be considered a good quality lens, microlenses must have qualities such as to low wavefront aberrations, consistency of focal length and pitch across the array, durability and low price. (Daly 2001) Microlens arrays have several applications, such as CCD arrays,…