Peripheral nervous system

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the most important cause of blindness in industrialized countries. The onset of macular neovascularization in AMD defines an advanced form of the disease characterized by exudative retinal changes due to an abnormal growth of newly formed vessels within the macula. This neovascularization has been divided into three types. Ref gass e ref freunf Type 1 and 2 neovascularization arise from the choroidal circulation and are refered to as choroidal…

growing evidence that excitotoxins play a major role in a whole group of degenerative brain diseases in adults especially the elderly. These diseases include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, ALS and more disorders of the nervous system. What all these diseases have in common is a slow destruction of brain cells that are specifically sensitive to excitotoxin damage. For example, disorders such as strokes, seizures, migraine headaches, ADD, ADHD, and even AIDS dementia have…

Introduction Hirschsprung disease is a rare condition in which nerve cells that control contractions are missing from part of the large intestine (colon). The colon absorbs fluids and holds stool so that it can be passed out of the body with movements called contractions. In Hirschsprung disease, the colon has trouble moving stool out through the rectum. This leads to constipation. This condition is most commonly diagnosed at birth or shortly after. What are the causes? The cause of this…

Have you ever wondered what is happening in your brain? Or how your nervous system really works? Well then you would want to learn about neuroscience. Neuroscience is the study of the structure or function of the nervous system and brain. Neuroscience also focuses on the behavioral and cognitive functions of the brain. One of the current scientists, whom is considered an expert, in the field of neuroscience is Dr. Ben Carson. Dr. Ben Carson was born in Detroit, Michigan, and was raised by a…

6. Are there certain concentrations that cause harm? What are they? Concentrations for adult rats. LD50 of BPA was 35.26 mg/kg according to NCBI. “Injection of lethal dose of BPA (40 mg/kg body weight) produced acute toxicity manifesting as immediate respiratory arrest and hypotension after the injection of BPA followed by bradycardia. The animals died within 7.3 +/- 0.7 min.”, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22734254. Honestly was too much work to find any good result from exposure to…

live with its disabling grip, this is more than the collective number of patients affected by multiple sclerosis, Lou Gehrig's disease and muscular dystrophy ("Statistics on Parkinson's"). Parkinson’s is a gradual disease that affects the central nervous system, which weakens the motor function and leads to cognitive impairment. Some of the interesting topics surrounding Parkinson’s are signs-symptoms, pathology and etiology. Some of the earlier signs one may notice in a Parkinson’s patient are…

as a package of human emotions. Human brain is made up of cerebrum, cerebellum and the brainstem. Neuroimaging methods shows the variations in brain activity and the function of those specific brain areas. There are different types of neuroimaging systems such as CT Scan, MRI, fMRI. Brains can be divided into four lobes and has different functions. Frontal lobe which is the front part of the brain is related with intelligence, personality, voluntary muscle and emotions. Parietal lobe has the…

“Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement,” Mayo Clinic states. The most common or distinguished sign of the disorder is a tremor. The tremor usually begins in one of the limbs, most often the hand (Mayo Clinic). Another sign of Parkinson’s disease is a change in one’s speech. Someone with Parkinson’s might talk fast, quiet, with a slur, or there might be a slight delay before they begin to speak. Also, having stiff muscles is another sign of the…

One important role of the basal ganglia is in the service of voluntary, routine smooth motor control, and to inhibit unnecessary movements in the muscles. The basal ganglia is important for other things as well, but in diseases which cause the loss of muscle control as in the case of Parkinson's, it stands to reason that we look more closely at the basal ganglia in respects to its role in movement. The basal ganglia uses Glutamate, and Acetylcholine, both are excitatory neurotransmitters, and…

Sydney Holst When certain chemicals interact with a neuron, they alter the balance of ions inside and outside the cell. If this change reaches threshold, it sends a signal down the neuron’s membrane to the axon. At the axon, the neuron fires the signal to a neighboring neuron, and the process repeats. Once the electrical potential of Neuron A (presynaptic neuron) reaches -60mV the sodium and potassium channels in the neuron open at the beginning of the axon. The influx of positive sodium ions…