Methanol

lipid conversion: (1) direct use of raw lipids, (2) thermal cracking, (3) microemulsions, and (4) conversion by transesterification. {Ahmad, 2011 #17} Among these four methods, transesterification is the most commonly used method, because transesterification reaction can effectively reduce the viscosity of the microalgal lipid and convert lipid suitable for direct use {Ahmad, 2011 #17} {Demirbas, 2008 #122}. Transesterification is a chemical reaction that converts microalgal lipid into their corresponding fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) {Ahmad, 2011 #17} {Demirbas, 2008 #122} {Kim, 2013 #118}. During the transesterification reaction, the fatty acid containing fractions of the extracted microalgal lipid are reacted with alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and butanol and converted to their corresponding FAMEs {Ahmad, 2011 #17} {Demirbas, 2008 #122} {Kim, 2013 #118}. The presence of catalysts and excessive alcohol can accelerate the transesterification reaction and push the reaction equilibrium toward the formation of FAMEs {Demirbas, 2008 #122} {Kim, 2013 #118}. Catalysts that mediate the transesterification reaction can be categorized into three types: acids, bases, and enzymes {Demirbas, 2008 #122}. Base catalysts are commonly used in the transesterification reaction, because of its cost effectiveness and high catalytic activity {Atadashi, 2012 #120}{Kim, 2013 #118}. However, a high concentration of free fatty acids in microalgae can seriously decrease the biodiesel yield,…

The ancillary process for methanol production is purification. The aim of purification process is to separate the methanol from any impurities such as water, alcohol, alkanes, etc. Methanol is transferred to storage tanks which is specially assigned for crude Methanol. The Methanol will then be feed to the next part of the operation which is purification. In two different distillation columns, Methanol is purify to achieve the product quality which is required. In the first column, low boiling…

Methanol has been used as a solvent for cocaine extraction form banknotes2, 4, 9, 10. It was reported as a non-destructive method unlike other solvents like chlorinated solvents11 and acetonitrile1 as they were responsible for damage and partial destruction of the banknotes respectively. Various sources of contamination affect the banknotes through handling it such as sweat, dust and so on. Additionally, banknotes are contaminated by different sources of drugs like amphetamine, nicotine and…

Imagine having just cleaned up an area and someone was planning to go and pollute it again. The Port of Tacoma is planning on making a methanol plant for a company based in China. They should not build a methanol plant because, it will pollute our air with different chemicals, and it will cost a lot of money. These are only a few reasons why they should not build a methanol plant at the Port of Tacoma. The first reason why they should not build the methanol plant is that it will pollute our…

the industrial synthesis of methanol (CH3OH), carbon monoxide (CO) reacts with hydrogen gas. For methanol, ΔH= -100.4 kJ/mol. Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. Is it better to maintain this system at a low or high temperature, to obtain a good output? Is it preferable to maintain this system at high or low pressure? Explain. During the industrial synthesis of methanol (CH3OH), carbon monoxide (CO) reacts with hydrogen gas. For methanol, ΔH= -100.4 kJ/mol. Write the…

fact it mixed with all but two substances , Methanol and Water. I believe this to be for the fact that both Methanol and water have strong properties of hydrogen bonding. While we thought water wouldn't mix , we predicted Dichloromethane , n-Pentanol,Methanol,Toulene and Water to mix. Again our predictions were not exact in that water did not mix with any of the substances except Methanol. This again was due to water's strong properties of hydrogen bonding, resisting to interact with molecules…

Carbonates and Carbon Dioxide to Methanol.” Chemcatchem 5.5 (2013): 1072-1074. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Feb. 2016. This study states that the recycling of carbon dioxide (CO2) cannot completely reduce the large concentrations of CO2 in the thermosphere, but it is indeed a functional process to produce modern chemicals. However, the process to hydrogenate CO2 with good selectivity and long term usage may require energy at high cost. Yuehui and Beller suggest that the intervention of more…

A. Defining Reaction Mechanisms and Catalyst Structure The methane-to-methanol reactions that we aimed to evaluate consist of four critical steps starting from the initial reactants (CH4, NH4+, oxo): C-H activation followed by a hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) from CH4 to form some combination of the hydrogenated complex, ammonium or ammonia, and a methyl radical; a radical rebound (RR) to form a methanol adduct and ammonium; methanol dissociation from the metal; and catalysis regeneration via…

1) The samples that would float on water are water (if in an ice form), oil, methanol, 2- propanol and lead because these materials are less dense than water, which leads to them laying on top, or until they dissolve. The samples that would sink in water include aluminum and copper because they are denser than water. 2) The order of the four liquids that I would layer them in a graduated cylinder from bottom to top consist of: water, oil, 2- propanol, and methanol. 3) Working with specific…

High Performance Liquid Chromatography Lab Abstract High performance liquid chromatography or HPLC is the process in which mixtures are physically separated according to their polarity. The lab conducted, the separation of dyes in grape Kool-Aid, demonstrated the concept. This was done to display how different alcohols and their concentrations have different polarities, in which ties into HPLC. The lab consists of testing Kool-Aid, water, and different concentrations of methanol and…