Lipid

The major bottleneck for lipid extraction from the wet microalgae is the low extraction efficiency, because of the immiscibility of nonpolar organic solvents with water contained in wet microalgae {Yoo, 2012 #31} {Kim, 2013 #118}. Traditional method for lipid extraction from dry biomass uses a co-solvent system, which consist of a non-polar solvent and polar solvent {Halim, 2012 #7} {Kim, 2013 #118}. When the co-solvent system is directly applied to wet microalgal biomass, the microalgal cells tend to stay in the hydrophilic phase because of their negatively charged surface, limiting the direct contact between hydrophobic extraction solvents and the microalgal cells {Huang, 2013 #1} {Yoo, 2012 #31} {Kim, 2013 #118}. Therefore, the drying process…

Chris Glasgow Summer Scott BSC 250L Annotated Bibliography 14 October 2015 Absorption of Lipids. (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2015. This article is a basic article that explains the absorption and digestion of lipids in our body. The author, unknown, goes into extensive detail concerning the break down by use of bile acids to break down large molecules. No experimentations were made. No arguments or sides were taken in this article. This article just sums up the basis of lipid absorption and…

different ways; wastewater treatments, production of protein-rich food and feed additives, and biofuel (Cakmak,Wells). Specialty oils, and cosmetics can also be products from algae (Griffiths et al). The limit of fossil fuels makes it more important to be able to find renewable energy resources. There are many positives that come from using microalgae as a renewable resource; it has a large lipid content, make…

Viral pathogens use liver cells to replicate, then attach to their lipid droplets to to accumulate, assemble and bud off into the rest of the body. Liver produces and secretes LDL, VLDL and HDL which are taken up by every cell in the body that uses cholesterol, including the liver cells that take them up too.2 Viruses hijack these lipoproteins and use them to get into the liver cells, where they replicate, which opens up a gateway to the rest of the body. They replicate within the endoplasmic…

. Triglycerides are a form of lipid and are made up of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. In order for a triglyceride to be broken down, it must pass through 3 stages; the Beta Oxidation Stage, the Citric Acid Cycle or CAC, and the Electron Transport Chain. Two byproducts of Beta Oxidation and CAC are NADH and FADH-2. These two byproducts go on to the Electron Transport Chain to create the energy called ATP. A fatty acid is made up of a chain of carbon and hydrogen bonds, which are hydrophobic, and…

Lipids: Lipids have a hydrophobic nature because of the predominantly of hydrocarbon chains in their structure. They are insoluble or poorly soluble in water, but readily soluble in non polar solvents such as ether and benzene. Characteristics of Lipids:  Amphiphatic  Naturally occurring  Soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water  Undergo saponification  Undergo emulsification Classification and biological functions of Lipids: • Fatty Acids:  Energy sources  Biosynthetic…

Lipids are fatty acids and their derivatives, and substances related biosynthetically or functionally to these compounds. Lipids are diverse group of organic compounds including fats, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes that are grouped together and mainly amphipathic. The variation in head groups and aliphatic chains allows the presence of more than 1000 different lipid species in any eukaryotic cell. Different types of lipid include Phospholipids, Sphingolipids and…

1.3.3 Lipid oxidation While not a direct outcome of proteinaceous compounds, aldehydes such as hexanal and (E)-2-nonenal have been attributed to the oxidation of lipid components present in the raw material (Aaslyng et al., 1998b). They are often present in much higher concentrations in enzyme hydrolysates and have been correlated to beany off-odours described in numerous literature. Solina et al. (2005) compared the volatile components of soy protein isolate (SPI) and acid-hydrolysed soy…

RESULTS Lipid Extraction The prediction made was that adipose tissue most likely had the highest lipid content and skeletal muscle had the lowest lipid content when comparing liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. The percent lipid was found to be 30% in liver tissue, 70% in muscle tissue, and 90% in adipose tissue in the samples collected. Protein Extraction and Quantification The absorbance vs concentration curve prepared from the Bradford Protein Assay standards was found to have a linear…

Cholesterol is a lipid with a unique structure consisting of four linked hydrocarbon rings forming the bulky steroid structure. There is a hydrocarbon tail linked to one end of the steroid and a hydroxyl group linked to the other end. The hydroxyl group is able to form hydrogen bonds with nearby carbonyl oxygen of phospholipid and sphingolipid headgroups.Cholesterol is referred as an amphipathic molecule, that it contains its hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. Cholesterol is usually synthesized…