Messenger RNA

Discussion Overall, the method created for the determination of riboflavin via fluorescence has potential to provide useful information regarding the starting concentration of riboflavin as well as the consumption rate of the vitamin in media, when analyzed at different activation times. The decrease in riboflavin over time makes sense as the bacteria and archaea in the media use the vitamin as a cofactor in the digestion of cellulose as well as with other sugars and fats. (2) The The LOD and…

pancreatic ASC, I will isolate total RNA from UPF1 mutant cell lines and perform RNA sequencing. To establish whether the upregulated genes are direct targets of NMD, I will compare this data with RNA isolated from cells where UPF1 is downregulated using short hairpin RNAs. To validate the top targets from RNA sequencing experiments, I will perform qPCR and northern blotting. To examine whether these candidates are also altered in pancreatic ASC, I will analyze the RNA levels of top targets in…

Recently, scientists in the UK have been given the green light to start research on editing the DNA of a human embryo. The ability to unzip defective genes and replace them with nondefective copies of genes has sparked a huge debate on the ethics of human gene editing. In this paper, I will briefly explore the procedure of gene modification using the editing tool CRISPIR/Cas 9, the exciting possibilities of successfully using this method, and debate several ethical concerns that have arisen due…

Alongside CRISPR-Cas9 in site specific genome editing are ZFNs and TALENs. ZFNs are a DNA-binding motif assembled as ββα that utilizes a roughly thirty amino acid protein with DNA recognizing amino acids at the alpha helix (Gaj, Gersbach, & Barbas, 2013). These groups of amino acids usually recognize DNA in segments of three. This does not present much specificity in a genome. Therefore multiple DNA-binding motifs need to be combined to create specificity and result in highly specific…

in existence since the -, “so-called big bang theory”. Genomes are the key to life because they are an organism’s complete set of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is the source in which processes transcription takes place to form a ribonucleic acid (RNA) and is then translated into an amino acid, which is the essential building block of protein to life. For example, hemoglobin, the cells in our bone marrow, churn out a hundred trillion per second of hemoglobin, which is a red protein responsible…

The Violinist Thumb is a book by Sam Kean that describes how DNA, and heredity function. The book is divided into four parts. Part one describes the basics of heredity. It goes into detail about base pairs, amino acids, RNA, and the such to give readers an overview of the system of heredity. One of my favorite stories from part one is the story of Tsutomu Yamaguchi, who survived both atomic explosions in Japan during World War II, and lived into his nineties. Part two discusses adaptations,…

1. Using Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray pictures James and Francis redeveloped the Watson - Crick Model that shows that a DNA molecule forms a double-helix. Together they hypothesised that if the strands were separated lose floating nucleotides would attach to their complimentary nitrogenous bases forming a template, which is the process of DNA replication. Their findings were published in the scientific nature journal April 1953. Crick had made an important discovery to the understanding of protein…

The inheritance of genes is vital to our existence. Genes are hereditary units containing DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and are passed from parent to offspring. The DNA provides instructions for the formation of proteins and as a result, genes are the main element responsible for the different traits we acquire as we mature. Genes are contained in chromosomes. There are 46 chromosomes in each cell (bar the gametes) and each chromosome contains a single long strand of DNA with thousands of genes…

and also its function. The expression must be controlled by some kind of regulation in the processes of transcription and translation. For example, in transcription, enhancer sequences provide binding sites for regulatory proteins that will affect RNA polymerase activity. On a related note, the size of proteins can be analyzed using SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel). This technique is useful since it denatures and coats each protein being tested with the same charge, using β-…

3.3.1 POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the most common DNA amplification method in molecular biology, it was invented by Kary Mullis while working in Emeryville, California for Cetus Corporation, one of the first biotechnology companies. His invention won him a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993. PCR has revolutionized the field of molecular biology as it has enabled researchers to perform experiments easily that previously had been unthinkable. Before the mid-1980s…