Messenger RNA

1. James Watson and Francis Crick were credited for discovering the double helix structure of DNA molecule. James Watson is known to have received his degrees at the University of Chicago and his PHD at the University of India. He then met Francis Crick at the University of Cambridge where he later worked after receiving his PHD. Francis Crick during the World War II was some biophysics who held develop radar and magnetic mines then after the war he then began the structure of DNA research with…

Saibhuvaneswari RA1611014010048 JUMPING GENES Transposable elements (TEs), also known as "jumping genes" or transposons, are sequences of DNA that move (or jump) from one location in the genome to another. A transposable element (TE or transposon) is a DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size. Transposition often results in duplication of the TE. The transposable elements make…

1. Francis Crick Crick discovered the relative distances of the repetitive elements in the DNA molecule, and the dimensions of the monoclinic unit cell which indicated that the molecule was in two matching parts, running in opposite directions. He also, in collaboration with Watson discovered the material that our genes are made of and put forward the model of the double helix DNA structure which included the measurements of the angels formed by different chemical bonds. Crick in collaboration…

Suppose we have a certain segment of a DNA molecule ,a gene for example that we want to amplify ,that is make many identical copies of that gene of interest, one way is to basically take that gene to integrate it into a bacterial plasmid to place that recombinant plasmid into a bacterial cell and to allow that bacterial cell to divide many times and eventually make many copies of that gene of interest. The problem with this particular method is that it is not only time consuming and not only is…

Figure 2. The proteomic organization of three subfamilies of Smads (Co-Smad, R-Smad and I-Smad) and organization of a Smad MH1 domain with DNA. (A) All Smads information taken from PDB entry Smad>UniProt Gene list of Smads. The conserved N-terminal MH1 domain is in red, linker region in dark blue and the C-terminal MH2 domain in deep yellow. In the linker region the red PXS/TP (or S/TP) indicates the potential phosphorylation site for MAPKs ERK1/2, and the square indicates the PY…

Deoxyribonucleic acid is known as the molecule of inheritance where its structure dictates its function in storing the genetic information of the organism (Rafael, 2010). This molecule contains genes which encode proteins needed for the complex biochemical metabolic reactions which occur within the organism (Rafael, 2010). The DNA molecule consists of 2 complementary strands in a helical structure where each strand serves as an informational template for the offspring during duplication (Rafael,…

A. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Principle It includes the primer mediated enzymatic amplification of DNA. It uses the ability of DNA polymerase to manufacture new strand of DNA complementary to the offered template strand. DNA polymerase can add a nucleotide only onto a preexisting 3′-OH group to add the first nucleotide that is way Primer is required. Then DNA polymerase elongates its three ends by adding more nucleotides to generate an extended region of double-stranded DNA.…

Recombination and mutation are the motivation of evolution. Recombination is critical for repairing DNA lesions and for chromosomal pairing, and exchange during meiosis (Krejci et al. 2012). Recombination does not occur uniformly on the chromosomes of eukaryotes. Meiotic recombination in well studied yeast revealed that non-uniformity of recombination was observed when the frame of reference is an entire chromosome, multigene region and a pair of genes or a small region upstream of a gene…

A DNA ladder is a solution of DNA molecules of different but known length. In Well 1, the DNA ladder was applied to the gel to set a standard for the rest of the samples. In LoggerPro, after setting an origin, the second step was to set a standard ladder. We standardized the ladder by going from 4 to 5 cm and determining that was 10 milliliters. The next step was to scale the ladder by selecting the 3 brightest points and labeling it 3000,1000,500 in descending order. The estimated size of my…

an open complex from there a lagging strand will develop along the 3’ template strand due to the polarity and orientation of the strands. A leading strand will emerge and DNA polymerase enlists nucleotides to pair with the exposed DNA template while RNA primer provides a 5’ end for nucleotides to pair with on the laggings strand. This continues until all the DNA is replicated, once the DNA is copied over what exists are tandem repeats called concatemers. To turn the lagging strand…