Frequency modulation

Armstrong, a brilliant innovator of radio technology, spent more than twenty years fighting the legal battle between himself and de Forest as to who was the rightful patent-holder of the Audion circuit system that Armstrong had created using de Forest’s Audion. As Armstrong began to move on and discovered FM radio, Sarnoff did everything and anything in his power to prevent Armstrong’s FM frequency radio from being mass-produced. He didn’t do this in the name of radio technology, but because it would cost him the money he had been using to invest in the new technology called television. Even after Sarnoff offered to purchase the rights to FM radio, Armstrong was so upset over the lack of support that he refused to sell. Selling would have made FM radio popular much quicker. After World War II, the U.S. government proclaimed that FM would be used for television frequencies. Because Sarnoff was angry with Armstrong for not selling the FM rights, he did everything in his power to make sure Armstrong would not profit from this new government rule. Sarnoff even encouraged a change in the FM frequency range so that none of Armstrong’s radios…

As we approach the summer of 2016, the issue of immigration in the Western world has yet to lose momentum; whether Donald Trump is arguing to build a wall on the Mexican border in the U.S. or European parties against immigration are gaining traction, it’s become clear that opposition to multiculturalism is currently rampant. German chancellor Angela Merkel is under fire for the number of refugees being let into this country; but perhaps her actions are serving one of her oldest goals, true…

(Steven Parker, “On the Radio”) 1910, Dr. Peter Harley Harrey Lippen became the first criminal caught by radio. (Steven Parker, “On the Radio”) Also one of the first big things heard live was the world heavy weight boxing championship. (Steven Parker, “How Radio Works”) Radio waves are made of both electrical and magnetic energy. (Steven Parker, “How radio works”) The invisible waves are sent out, or broadcasted, by a transmitter from a wire called an aerial, and are picked up by a receiver.…

The emergence of modern media technologies has revolutionized the way humans conduct their daily lives. The evolution of media technology has and will continue to impact the information we consume, how we consume it and how that content is created. Being and individual born in the 90s, I have witnessed massive innovation take place on a global scale that has impacted the media technologies I use. As a toddler, much of the media entertainment I was exposed to was derived from clunky TV’s,…

strong force, as many options are available to consumers. Whether it is online/streaming or terrestrial broadcasting, large competitors such as, iheart media, Cumulus Meida, and Pandora put significant pressure on SiriusXM do to their free program offerings and basic device support requirements. Barriers to Entry – (Strong). Whether one is looking to enter the terrestrial, satellite, or even online radio broadcast industry, many barriers to entry exist, making this a strong force of…

perspective they are able to group their audiences in certain categories so they know what sort of angle to work at in terms of broadcasting to them (Cocker, 1992). The two big businesses will have their own agenda and opinions projected through the several stations that they own that air all over New Zealand. This idea that majority of these small stations all lead back to the two same companies makes it almost inevitable that there would be a hidden agenda, leading onto commercialization…

2. QPSK: When a data is transmitted using BPSK technique the channel bandwidth required is 2fb. The QPSK technique reduces that bandwidth to fb. It is a multilevel phase modulation. In this two successive bits in a bit stream are combined together to form a message and each message is represented by distinct value of phase shift of a carrier. The QPSK signal is represented as. Since there are 4 phases it is called as 4-PSK or Quadrature PSK systems [6][7]. 3. QAM: QAM improves the noise…

CDMA normally operates on bands of frequency of 800MHz and 1900 MHz. In CDMA, the voice signal is first digitized and then it spread out the resultant data over the entire frequency bandwidth. The data is sent in a unique code for use at any time in the specific range. Below is the list of advantages and disadvantages of CDMA: Advantages : 1. Efficient utilization of specific frequency spectrum. 2. Flexible distribution of resources. 3. Large signal bandwidth reduces the multipath fading. 4.…

2 OFDM SYSTEM:- OFDM system is divided into three parts 1. multi carrier modulation 2. frequency division multiplexing 3. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. 1.Frequency division multiplexing:- Frequency Division Multiplexing is a form of signal multiplexing which involves assigning non – overlapping frequency ranges or channels to different signals or to each user of a medium. A gap is left between each of these channels to ensure that the signal of one channel does not overlap with…

same theme but it appears in 5th above which starts in ‘G’ (1 Figure). This theme appears again and again as the modulated form through the whole movement. It sounds pretty simple but it plays very important role in this movement because it sets center tonality of this movement. Also, this movement starts with this theme and also ends with this theme so it contributes to establishing coherence of the movement (2 Figure). This can explain the ‘organic’ sense which Solie, the author of article…