Frequency modulation

Chapter eight of the text Sound and Recording by Francis Rumsey and Tim McCormick, discusses the principles of digital audio, and contrasts digital with analog. The text also illustrates how digital and analog work together to produce desired sound. In the world of audio there are two types; digital and analog. Analog can be described as physical or tangible in a sense, being etched onto some type of media. Digital however, is a representation of the audio waveform, which is converted into a…

This artifact is primary based on sample rates and to see the effects of sample rates by using Sinusoidal waves. Sinusoidal waves can be represented using frequency and period. The Frequency of a Sinusoidal wave is the number of complete cycles that happen in a particular period of time or in a given sample. The Period in terms of Sinusoidal waves, is the time it takes to perform one complete cycle. The Sinusoidal wave is a series of identical cycles happening repeatedly. The sample rate is the…

RADIOWAVE OUTDOOR PROPAGATION MODELS General definition: • They are empirical mathematical formulation for the characterization of radio wave propagation as a function of frequency, distance and other conditions. • These models predict the path loss (i.e. the reduction in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space or underground) of a transmitter and also the effective coverage area of transmitter. We know that when a signal travels from a wireless channel, it…

Shaker is operated by displacement at the lowest frequency. On the other hand, acceleration limit the performance of shaker at highest frequency. For velocity limit performance of shaker in a band between the other two. For example, Thermotron?s DS- 2250 vibration system has a displacement limit of 2? peak-peak, a velocity limit of 100 inches per second, and an acceleration limit of 100 g?s. Each of those limits applies over a different frequency range…

Polarization in Antenna Polarization is the basic thing used in transmission antennas for the propagation and reception of the signals. As we know that antenna emits electromagnetic waves in the space for the communication purposes. These two types of waves as depicted by the name Electro-Magnetic is a combination of electrical and magnetics fields. These two waves are mutually orthogonal i.e. oriented at an angle of 90o with each other. The general wave form is given as Fig: Electromagnetic…

Sound travels through matter, which is a solid, liquid or gas. Sound travels in longitudinal waves. There is also a vibration that starts on an object, and this causes a vibration on all the molecules. When these molecules vibrate, they cause all of the other surrounding molecules to vibrate. This vibration will spread from molecule to molecule causing sound to travel. 1. What is a wave? A wave is a chain of vibrating molecules. In general, a wave transfers energy from one place to another. 2.…

the FE model excited this test rig at six frequencies (55 Hz to 80 Hz by step of 5 Hz). The excitation force is expressed in Eq.( ef{eq32}). egin{equation}label{eq32} m{F}{ m{ = }}left( {egin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{F_{ex}}}\ {{F_{ey}}} end{array}} ight) = {F_e}left( {egin{array}{*{20}{c}} {Xcosleft(…

Sound is an amazing spectacle, it is a thing that is made up of vibrating waves that move up and down back and forth. Two ways to think of sound in a real life example are: 1st a slinky; the way it jiggles back and forth is much like how a sound wave can jiggle, 2ond a water wave; the way that the wave looks much like a squiggly horizontal line that is what sound waves act much like. A vibration, A.K.A the up and down slinky motion and the to and fro water wave motion, are called vibrations. A…

include being safe and painless. Unlike X-ray, MRI scanners do not use ionizing radiation; instead they use magnetic fields and radio waves which are harmless and can be absorbed by the body without causing mutations because radio waves have a low frequency and thus a low energy that doesn’t cause harm. Secondly, the pictures that are created by the MRI are precise which allow definite analysis of the image by a medical professional; especially for organs such as brain, eyes and heart. Also, the…

1 Introduction Interferometry is a measurement technique which utilizes the interference of waves in a medium to cre-ate interference patterns [5]. In general, the waves can be light, sound or radio waves. The interference pattern is detected by a photodetector and it provides some useful information about the properties of the object or phenomenon under test. Interferometers are used to make very small measurements that cannot be achieved with any other method. An important…