Formal methods

Q1) What type of reinforcement schedule does random drug testing represent? Is this type of schedule typically effective or ineffective? The type of reinforcement schedule that random drug testing represents is the Variable-Interval(VI) schedule of reinforcement. In Variable Interval schedule a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. This type of schedule is done randomly and is unexpected. The word random used in this case itself represents the schedule. Variable…

The concept of speech act was firstly introduced by the British philosopher John L. Austin in a lecture delivered at Harvard in 1955, later published as a monograph titled “How to do things with words” in (1962). This concept captures an important feature of language: saying something can also involve doing something. Austin differentiates between two separate parts of speech: constatives and performative. Constatives are sentences that describe something as true or false, and performatives are…

In order to identify which of the two proposals brought forward would best suit the current needs of FTIAS, the best decision making technique that would apply is the decisions matrix. The decision matrix, which is a simple form of multiple criteria decision analysis, was the best technique to use to evaluate which proposal was to be implemented because financial estimates were difficult to achieve due to issues which are not tied to monetary values. Whilst performing the decision matrix…

Reflection Questions 1. What are the three shifts in mathematics standards? The three shifts in mathematics standards include: focus, coherence, and rigor. With Focus, there is a stronger focus where standards focus, and allows teachers to teach fewer things, which allows more time for teachers to teach these vital standards, and for children to learn and internalize these important ideas. Coherence refers to the ability to make connections between ideas within and across grades to link those…

Figure 2 : One of Example Pua Kumbu as a Symbolize in Iban Society According to Rodolphe Rapetti in his book “Symbolism” he said that symbolism was part of a work of a wave of reaction against doctirinal positivism, whose backbone had been the scientific analysis of facts verified through experimental. Besides that, according to Edward Lucia-Smith, the symbolist movement, modernism has nevertheless been hostile to the symbol as a means of visual communication. The rise of abstract art, in…

is best known for his research on children’s cognitive development. He studied the intellectual development of his own three children and created a theory that described the stages that children pass through in the development of intelligence and formal thought processes. He outlined that there are four stages of cognitive development the sensorimotor…

routines each time. Argyris argues that double loop learning is necessary if practitioners and organisations are to make informed decisions in rapidly changing and often uncertain contexts (1974). Nevertheless, organisations should apply both learning methods in their practice. Therefore organisations can apply for relevant action strategy as well as knowing governing…

Spatial cueing .... According to the spotlight theory, spatial cues influences how one views objects. The "spotlight" helps capture specific features and bring them to heightened attention. This theory was coined by Giovich and Savitsky (1999). Both researchers analyzed how the spotlight effect influenced social relationships. The found that the spotlight theory causes individual's to misjudge other's behaviors. According to a study conducted by Richards (2005), infant's attention was…

1. Introduction Every human being tends to try connecting the events by causes and effects. We believe that everything that happens need to have a causal explanation. This is simply how the human mind works. On account of this, causal relationships can also be observed in every branch of science. For instance, medical specialists search causes of the diseases. Similarly, physicists observe causes of the effects on the nature. This is a reason why even the simplest laws of physics have causal…

There is no law which can guarantee that things will have 'one, true meaning'’ Hall, S. (1997). Aligning to Hall’s statement, this essay will be an analytical response to the photography series ‘MAKEOVER Madness’, sparring between combinations of factual and interpretative analysis. ‘MAKEOVER Madness’ is a controversial photography series revolving around the theme of plastic surgery. The series was taken by the renowned photographer Steven Meisel, and published in the July 2005 edition of…