Fiber-optic communication

Fiber optic communication systems are light wave systems that employ optical fibers for transmitting information from one point to other through an optical fiber. The driving force behind the widespread use of fiber optic communications is the demand for economic, reliable transmission media that can transmit required information capacity. The transmission capacity of optical fibers has drastically improved over the years. Today, optical communications up to 100 gb/s for several kilometers have been introduced and research is still going on to enhance its capacity to terabits per second. This paper gives an overview of fiber optic communications – structure of optical fibers, different types of optical fibers, principle, fiber optic communications,…

means of communication and data transfer including 3G, 4G, LTE for mobile network, however optical network is required for the communication of large amount of data in short period of time. Many smarter devices are being added to network to fulfil consumer’s demand. There are many complications and strains have arisen to optical networking with the advancement of technology. some management and security techniques can be adopted to get the best out of network infrastructure. More security and…

considering the demerits of optical fiber networks. Despite of the fact that the cost for fiber is dropping by 60% per year and is beneficial in long run, its initial installation cost is still high and is not affordable to all vendors. Per unit cost of fiber cable is more than that of copper cable. Secondly, as the technology is still new and improvising, it requires skilled manpower for its installation, operation and maintenance. Further it requires new equipment compared to prevalent…

environment (citation). Both the chemicals sorbing onto the plastic and leaching from it are possible endocrine disruptors and are carcinogenic. A. Introduce the plastic fibers topic 1. Definition of fiber 2. Where they are found B. Sources 1. Clothes/ waste water effluent a. Browne et al., 2011 2. Sludge a. Habib et al., 1996 b. Zubris and Richards., 2005 3. Other Somewhat surprisingly, microplastic accumulation in systems other than marine and aquatic habitats, especially in the inland…

Characteristics of the Four Elements The four Elements possess unique characteristics and their functions are related to these characteristics. These characteristics have been explained carefully, with ultimate simplicity; where accurate and deep meanings have been considered which will also been elaborated in future sections. Briefly, the four Elements include the following components: Fire Air Water Soil a) Fire: comes with Heat and Dryness. It is the lightest of all Elements b) Air: comes…

Spinning of Nylon Fiber: The turning of the nylon filaments is completed with dissolve turning. There are two strategies for liquefy turning: 1. Grid turning 2. Extruder turning. Lattice turning is utilized for the generation of better fibers. The nylon chips are made to fall on a hot matrix that melts the nylon pieces. The liquid nylon is pumped through a sand channel to the spinneret. The sort of fiber created relies on the quantity of gaps on the spinneret, the size and the state of the…

Trusses are composed of straight members connected at their ends by hinged connections to form a stable configuration. When loads are applied to a truss only at the joints, forces are transmitted only in the direction of each of its members. That is, the members experience tension or compression forces, but not bending forces. Trusses have a high strength to weight ratio and consequently are used in many structures, from bridges, to roof supports, to space stations.The Pros of a Truss Bridge 1.…

with other masking tapes from other countries, the washi-made masking tape is easier to tear off without any trace. However, its power and adhesiveness are as excellent as usual. Washi, a kind of Japanese paper, is traditionally made from inner bark of plants like paper mulberry trees because of its flexibility and length of the fibres. Nevertheless, the major fibres did not exist in Europe when paper making technology was introduced there from Asia in 12th century. Until the beginning of 18th…

MANUFACTURING COSTS: Functional Elements: The baby stroller is mainly composed of three materials: Nylon (woven, as fabric) Plastic (injection molded, for plastic parts) Steel (tubing, for frame) Fasteners are included in the assembly of different components of the strollers. The stroller would have to be manufactured on an assembly line. The fabric weaving and seat making, the plastic molding and the frame can simultaneously be manufactured in their respective work areas. Following are…

signals, into a form ie readable. Fiber optic sensors have numerous advantages over other conventional electronic sensors. Some important advantages are as below • Ability to integrate different structure. • Their inability to conduct electric current. • Highly resistive to electromagnetic interference. • Lightweight with high sensitivity. • Multiplexing capability. 1.1 Optical fiber: Basics An optical fiber is composed of three parts …