Excommunication

As someone who is primarily Scotch Irish, I speak for myself and many other Americans in believing that the First Scottish War of Independence had a large impact in the lives of our ancestors. At the finale of this war was the Battle of Bannockburn, an extraordinary battle and victory for the underdog in numbers, Scotland, a country protecting its land from the massive power that was England. The historical significance of the battle is what keeps it alive to this day in Scotland. This past…

Both historians and Catholics believe that Pope Innocent III and Pope Gregory VII as some of the greatest figures in history because they thought of everything in religious terms. More importantly, using their powers, they were able to achieve their goals of saving the welfare of the Church and Christian civilization. The Middle Ages was known as a period of European history, from the 5th to the 15th century, that followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and preceded the Early Modern…

At this point, Mary begins to initiate the steps in the ethical decision making model described by Remely and Herlihy. Mary utilizes the teleological contextual mode of thinking with this decision making model because it allowed her to respect the code of ethics while trying to come to the most positive outcome for Matthew. This model begins with identifying and defining the problem. This is followed by considering the principles and virtues associated with the problem. The next step is for…

Europe and The Black Death As the winter of 1348 subsided, the people of Europe finally envisioned the spring days ahead of them. Little did they know that the springtime would bring with it a deadly epidemic that no one could have possibly foreseen. The Black Death could not have arrived in Europe at a worse time as much of the population was already weakened from a scarcity of food due to overpopulation and famine. There was barely any time to react as the disease spread swiftly from its…

Some historians and religious experts argue that the Protestant reformation divided Christianity. Some also argue that this was simply an expansion of the diversity of Christianity. There were many influential figures in history that challenged and reformed religion. There was one man in particular that would become ingrained in history and would popularize Protestantism. He would allow Christians to think about the concepts of sin, salvation, penance, and how to worship god. This man was Martin…

If you have even half a brain you can see the difference between 650 AD and 1750 AD. For those Einstein’s out there you would know there was a huge difference between the years mathematically, and for you who surpass all others in knowledge you would point out the different social strains and changes that effected those society’s out there. If you are in that last group you should probably read Churchill’s History’s on England but for those of you who want to ace any history class that you have…

The Fight with ISIS “All wars have unintended consequences. No matter how cautious generals and political leaders are, war sets in motion waves of change that can alter the currents of history” (Tirman 45). The United States involved itself in an ongoing conflict that has spanned from Crusades to the colonization by the European powers. When the United States pulled out of Iraq in December 2011, a splinter group of Al qaeda headed by Abu Musab al Zarqawi attacked major Shia communities to…

the French kingdom with a motive to fuel a war with King Edward I of England. Refuting this, Boniface asserted that no cleric was to pay taxes to a king without proper papal consent. If the clergy went against his commands, Boniface threatened excommunication to all who ignored him. Though on the surface it appeared as if the quarrel was over taxation, in reality it represented who had the ultimate control and power over the French Clergy. This conflict over influence between Philip and Boniface…

The Scarlet Letter: Chillingworth and Dimmesdale’s Interpretations of Sin In the Scarlet Letter, both men in Hester’s life, Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth, have complex motivations for the actions they take throughout the novel. These motivations are mostly driven by sin; an archaic and taboo subject, especially in Puritanical New England. Both Chillingworth and Dimmesdale have a tumultuous relationship with sin and have varying ideals of what sin itself is, how one…

great disrespect against them, and an attack against their social standing. With their power, they were responsible for the settlement of private and public disputes and would pass of judgement on law-breakers; of which their harshest penalty was excommunication from the tribe (Duddy 1996). A person excommunicated would become a total social outcast and pariah. They would be shunned, this included no more familial ties and no more attendance or participation in ritual activities. In essence…