Enzyme

i. Enzymes are macromolecules that increase chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction. They do this by lowering the activation energy (the amount of energy that reactants need to absorb in order for a chemical reaction to take place). Every enzyme has a substrate with a unique shape and structure for it to bind to. Denaturation of proteins (when a protein unravels and becomes inactive), and change in the shape of the enzyme or substrate all influence the activity and…

(CYP450) are both enzymes that are involved in phase I metabolism. They are classified as microsomal enzymes that require oxygen and NADPH. These enzymes are involved in the conversion of lipophilic compounds to more hydrophilic metabolites by adding molecular oxygen, which ensures rapid excretion. There are genetic variants with both classes of enzymes, which may contribute to interindividual variability in drug response. Some of the differences between properties of these two enzymes…

and an SDH (Succinate Dehydrogenase) Assay. The goal of this project was to work with enzymes to gain a better understanding of how enzymes function and how they are impacted with the introduction of a variety of factors. A significant part of the experiment was determining the protein concentration of the prepared mitochondrial fraction which will be further explained. The reason for that is by increasing enzyme concentration present in a sample, it can increase the enzyme's activity and that…

Introduction Phospholipase A. is an enzyme used by Leukocytes to destroy bacteria, by causing membrane permeability. In multiple purification steps, we must isolate the enzyme to be able to conclude it can be used for antibiotic use. Using homogenate, acid precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and 2 from of gel filtration, the purification will be tested. I hypothesize these purification steps will isolate and purify the enzyme desired. Results Figure 1 shows Sephadex carboxymethyl ion…

Enzymes are macromolecules that act as a catalyst in order for chemical reactions to occur. Their function is highly dependent on what the structure of the enzyme because they have things called active sites that recognize specific substrates. A substrate is a molecule that fits into the active sites of enzymes so a reaction can occur. For example, sucrose (substrate) fits into sucrase (enzyme) where hydrolysis occurs consequently splitting sucrose into glucose and fructose. However, in our…

phosphorylase b stored in the cell, as phosphorylase kinase is initiated. Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase b converts to phosphorylase a. This enzyme releases glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen polymers. After this the phosphate group is moved from the C-1 position to the C-6 position creating glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme, phosphoglucomutase. The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase removes the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate, leaving free glucose molecules. These glucose molecules…

This lab looked at the different effects of an enzyme with concentration, pH, and temperature compared to the rate at which the enzyme works. The results showed a quick decrease when the temperature and pH has passed its most favorable conditions and or levels, but the concentration remains at the same levels throughout except pH6 and 40 degrees celsius. Both the pH and temperature had a steady increase in rate once the favorable conditions were being reached or are reached, but had a certain…

effect on the enzyme catalase, taken from a cut and blended potato. The blended potato mixture was strained and put into a centrifuge, the liquid that was in the centrifuge contained the enzyme and remained on ice. The enzyme was placed in test tubes that had varying levels of pH buffers, substrate concentrations and temperatures; the pH, substrate concentration and temperature were the three variables. The data showed that each variable contained an optimum level at which the enzyme was most…

Enzymes Two major factors influence how effective an enzyme is by promoting the rate of reaction. Each enzyme has a specific temperature that allows it to perform the most work. If an enzyme is placed in an environment under its optimal functioning temperature, the speed of the reaction will slow. Reason being, the molecules of the reactants reduce in energy from the low temperature, less movement means less reactions with the enzymes. At higher temperatures, molecules within an enzyme increase…

special proteins called enzymes. Enzymes are long chains of amino acids that have taken a very specific three-dimensional shape called a globular shape. This specific shape contains an area that is designed to match a specific molecule. The substance that an enzyme operates on is known as its substrate. Almost all metabolic reactions in organisms are catalyzed by enzymes. Many of these reactions occur in specific sequences and are called metabolic or biochemical pathways. Enzymes can be…