Electrochemical cell

various structures of the mitochondria (Giezen, Page 1). Early scientist posted numerous theories of the origin of mitochondria. One of these theories was that specific organelles were bacterial symbionts that had taken up residence inside eukaryotic cells (Giezen, Page 1). After the discovery of mitochondria serious disagreements between scientist contributed to a near fifty year abstinence of conducting studies on mitochondria. Once the fifty year abstinence stopped, research on…

Cloning has started around the 1950’s and is still currently going on today. Human cloning of any kind should be banned; the thought that humans have the resources to create and produce life is disturbing; scientists imitating creation is beyond me and unethical. “cloning for the replication of human individuals is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human dignity and integrity” ( Birnbacher 2005). Cloning can also lead to lead to abnormal development, diseases, and short life span”.…

From vampires to the holy grail we all have heard stories about immortality. These stories stem from the natural human desire to live a long life. For centuries extending human life has been the goal of many scientists. All throughout history scientist have tried making a serum that can cure death. It was not until recently that researchers discovered that manipulating human genes is possible. The article “The Cure for Aging” discusses these genetic manipulations that can prolong people’s lives.…

Previously we were taught that our DNA is what make us unique. But what if I told you that our DNA didn’t do all the work? There is a protein in our bodies that makes our DNA coding complete and it’s called an epigenome. There are two proteins that make up one protein of a epigenome and they are histones. They are wrapped around the DNA and the Methyl group that are attached to it. Of course we are taught that our DNA makes up who we are as far as characteristics; However, epigenetics explain…

INTRODUCTION Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common inherited neurological disorder, affecting 1 in every 2500 people.1 The disease attacks the peripheral nervous system, progressively reducing nerve conduction speed in the body’s extremities resulting in gradual muscle weakness, sensory loss, and muscle atrophy.2 Affected individuals in the initial stages of the disease suffer from feet and hand deformities that limit function and sensation. Moreover, in advanced cases patients…

In the reading, the author claims that existence of the actual tissue in dinosaur fossil is not implausible by pointing out three different explanations in favor of this statement due to the perusing regarding T.rex leg bone. However, finding all the ideas dubious, the lecturer totally repudiates the claim and presents some conspicuous evidence to the contrary. At first, the author argues that the soft flexible substance inside the bone channel may indicate residue of the real blood vessels in T…

It is well known that plants contain an abundant source of medicinal properties. It has been estimated that between 25-50% of current prescription pharmaceutical drugs available are derived either directly or through semi-synthetic modifications of natural occurring substances aka the use of bioactive molecules. 
 Stated in the Cancer Therapy ; Fabricant and Farnsworth (2001), reported that 80% of 122 plant derived drugs were related to their original ethnopharmacological purposes.
Dsicussed in…

It is beyond a doubt that the founding fathers could ever conceive an American society like the one we are living in today. The discovery of the structure of DNA marks a significant landmark in medical history. This has open the doors to a new realm that deepen our understanding of biological systems and promises a future that once was an abstract idea in science fiction novels. A challenge that my generation is facing is answering whether genetic modifications are ethical. Despite the…

hypersensitivity response to sequestered living, dying or dead ova, that are trapped in tissues during the peri-intestinal migration or after embolization in the liver. Soluble egg antigen (SEA) and proteolytic enzymes released by ova provoke granulomatous cell-mediated immune response, with recruitment of eosinophils, granuloma formation and liver fibrosis (Cheever et al., 2000; Wynn et al., 2004). In schistosomiasis, Th2-type cytokine production becomes predominant eight weeks post infection,…

growth regulation. Following these results, what effects on cell growth would happen if Hpo was mutated so that it could not function was tested. To do this, wild type fly eyes were compared to flies that exhibited the HpoMGH1 mutation. The results showed that the flies in which Hpo exhibited loss of function showed a slight increase in number of cells compared to wild type (Figure 3A and 3B). To see how this mutation would affect cell growth and density in fly eyes if coupled with either a loss…