Electrical conductivity

dissipated per unit volume through the action of viscosity. Here, u,v and w are the velocity components of the fluid along thex,y and z directions respectively.C_P is the specific heat at constant pressure, T is the temperature, K is the thermal conductivity and γ is the Casson fluid parameter. Species Concentration equation The species concentration equation is given by ∂C/∂t+(q ̅.∇)C=D∇^2 C (1.4) Here, C is the concentration of the species, D is the molecular diffusivity.…

Metal/Metal Alloy Uses Throughout History Copper - Used to make ornaments and domestic utensils in historical times (not as tools as it is a soft metal) - In modern times used in electrical wiring, pipes and plumbing fittings, jewellery, decoration, - This is due to its malleability, ductility and good electrical conductivity. Bronze - Used for tools and weapons (due to low boiling point it could be easily melted, moulded and shaped) - In modern times used in ship’s propellers and casting…

most widely used metals in the world today. This is all down to its various properties, these include low density which means low weight. It is also very malleable, easily machined, provides excellent resistance to corrosion and has good electrical conductivity. Another advantage of aluminium is that it is widely recyclable. Lightweight: With a specific weight of 2.7g/cm³, aluminium is used in many forms of transport including cars and aeroplanes and therefore reducing fuel consumption.…

6.3. A. Microemulsions (135-143) Microemulsions are clear, stable, isotropic mixtures of oil, water, and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant 135-137. Microemulsions have several advantages such as enhanced drug solubility, good thermodynamic stability, and higher transdermal permeability over conventional formulations 138,139. Many studies reported the use of microemulsions as topical drug delivery vehicles showed their ability to improve transdermal and dermal delivery…

the nuclear model, a discovery that paved the way to the invention of the atom bomb. Rutherford was awarded with countless of honours throughout his career, such as several honorary degrees and fellowship from organizations such as institution of electrical engineers. In 1914 he was knighted. In 1931 he was as well elected president of the institute of physics. So how did Lord Rutherford discover the nucleus? In 1911 Rutherford and his colleagues explored the nucleus of the atom testing…

producing a mobile electron cloud. Valence electrons are that can participate in a bonding. Crystals are held by electrostatic attraction between the negative and positive ions. The loose movement of electrons is responsible for thermal and electrical conductivity. As they carry charges from place to place. As metallic bond are very strong, considerable energy is required to break it. This accounts for the high melting points of metals. Below is shown a picture of free electrons in a metal…

contains the hydroxide ion when dissolved in water. According to the Bronsted-Lowry theory, a Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton, or hydrogen ion, donor, while a Bronsted-Lowry base is a proton acceptor. Acids are characterized by their sour taste, electrical conductivity, reaction with a base to form water and a salt,…

INTRODUCTION Lead is a bluish grey metal ,which is one of the useful and common metal that has been used by humans for over 6000 years1 it has high density ,ductility, poor electrical conductivity and more over which is soft and highly malleable in nature. these all properties were helping the early extraction and working with lead and makes it more popular among industrial and other mankind usages all over the world . Several millions of lead are consumed by world for the production of…

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MEASUREMENT: pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured in situ. Other parameters like electrical conductivity, turbidity, suspended solids were measured in the lab. Temperature influences rate of biochemical rate of reaction in the water reserves. As for every 10oC rise in temperature the rate becomes double. Increase in temperature decreases the…

Water Quality Water is essential to human life and the health of the environment. Good water quality is essential for irrigation, drinking and recreation and also sustains ecological processes that support native fish populations, vegetation and bird life. We expect that our water supply will not only be safe, but will taste good, and look crystal clear. Water quality is commonly defined by its physical, chemical, biological and aesthetic (appearance and smell) characteristics. Water quality…