Diffraction

Rosalind Franklin’s story started in Notting Hill, London, United Kingdom. Her full name was Rosalind Elsie Franklin, and she was born to a rather conspicuous British Jewish family on July 25, 1920. The second of five children, three boys and two girls. Daughter of Muriel and Ellis Franklin, both of her parents originated from Jewish families that settled in England in the 1700s and 1800s. Her guardians owned banks and publishing companies. They were both educated and companionable people.These…

Research Statement Past research accomplishments. Probing the dynamics of neuronal activities is crucial to understand the complex mechanisms of the brain and related diseases. Thus, there are great demands on optogenetic indicators for neuronal activities. However, engineering desired optogenetic indicators is a well-known challenge, probably due to the delicate sensing mechanisms, and the lack of effective high-throughput screen. To tackle this, I developed several novel molecular evolution…

with Max Perutz at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. He began working on a new sector of the Laboratory where X-ray crystallography was being used in order to study protein structure. Crick's thesis project at the university was on X-ray diffraction of proteins. Crick then met John Watson and together they solved the structure of DNA using available X-ray data at the time and model building. After discovering the double helix model, Crick and fellow scientists were members of the informal…

For about three decades many scientists did not believe DNA contained genetic material because it was not seen as complex due to the fact not much was known about it yet, so many presumed proteins were the genetic material of life. It was not until scholars such as Frederick Griffith, Meselson-Stahl, James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Avery, McCarty, Erwin Chargaff and many more conducted experiments that would expose astonishing discovering that will lead to the…

are typical of all G-protein coupled receptors. (Lanyi, 1998) The retinal molecule is covalently attached to Lys-216 on helix G by a protonated Schiff base. The location and positioning of the retinal group was discovered using medium-resolution diffraction studies (Jubb, 1984). In the middle of the α-helices, there is a hydrophobic pocket, which lies approximately 15Å from the extracellular surface and this is where the retinal is found (Bonting, 1981). The retinal molecule is anti-parallel to…

The substrate is rotated in the center of the growth chamber to ensure even growth on its surface and its angle can be manipulated depending on which effusion chamber shutter is opened. The time the substrate is exposed to an effusion chamber is calculated. Based on the area of the substrate, the pressure in the chamber and the molecular weight of the species, the shutter time is calculated to ensure the desired thickness of the film which will be adsorbed on to the substrate. For example, when…

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: A. Characteristics of Aluminum-Graphite composites and the in-situ reaction To examine the reaction condition of carbon flakes and Al powders, 4 wt. % carbon flakes were added to Al powders. Fig. 1 shows the DSC plot obtained during heating and cooling of the green compact from room temperature to 750 0C and from 750 0C to room temperature at a heating/cooling rate of 3 0C /min under argon gas atmosphere. From the DSC heating curve it is evident that the total…

The double helix: A personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA is an account written by James D. Watson (1968), which describes the race to find the mystery of the DNA from the years 1950 to 1953. Watson manages to merge both the science with a fantastic tale to give a first-hand account about the journeys of the five main winners, namely, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Linus Pauling and himself. The race first begins when Watson, an American, finds himself…

Monali Joshi, Group 8. Human Visual System Eyes are the entry purposes of the light that conveys the visual data about the onlooker's surroundings into the human visual system. The approaching light is consumed by the photoreceptors in the retina and changed over to electrochemical signs, and these signs are transferred to the resulting systems of the visual pipeline. The photoreceptor cells change over light into electrochemical signals, and are separated into two sorts, rods and cones, named…

Describe the development of single dish radio telescopes and advantages of radio interferometers. Discuss major discoveries that were possible after detection of radio waves from space and how they changed our understanding of Universe. Astronomy is all about increasing our understandings about our Universe through observing objects like stars, galaxies and other bodies which exist outside Earth’s atmosphere. Astronomers make observations of these celestial phenomena by collecting…